Additional time error in association football is associated with interruption type and goal difference.

This study explores whether referees are biased when awarding additional time in Association Football. We collected data on Awarded Additional Time (AAT) granted by the referees and Calculated Additional Time (CAT), representing the interruption time meant to be considered for additional time according to the rulebook. Analysis of Additional Time Error (ATE), given as the difference between CAT and AAT, in the second half of German football Bundesliga season 2022/2023, revealed that referees award less AAT than warranted by interruptions (ATE = 2:10 ± 2:24 min).

Towards the definition of metrics for the assessment of operational design domains.

The Operational Design Domain (ODD) of an automated driving function defines on which roads and under which environmental conditions the function is safe to operate. It plays an important role in definition, safety analysis and validation of automated driving. In many cases, users want to determine metrics about ODDs, or about ODDs in combination with other work products, like collections of validation scenarios.

Metabolic power and energy expenditure in the German Bundesliga.

The aims of the study were to analyze metabolic power (MP) and MP derived parameters for different positions in the German Soccer Bundesliga and to evaluate if classification of high-intensity is more suited using the metabolic power approach instead of using traditional speed-based methods. 1,345 video match analysis (25 Hz) datasets from 380 players in 96 matches of the German first Bundesliga were gathered by an automatic player tracking system. Displacement (speed, acceleration, distance) and energetic (MP, energy expenditure) variables were determined.

Contact times in professional football before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Tracking data from the German Bundesliga.

The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to a lockdown in team sports in March 2020. Because the risk of virus transmission seems to correlate with the duration of close contacts, data on contact times are necessary to assess the risk of virus transmission in sports. In this study, an optical tracking system was used to determine contact times between players of the two highest men's professional football leagues in Germany in the 2019-20 season and in the first half of the 2020-21 season.

Managing Big Data for Addressing Research Questions in a Collaborative Project on Automated Driving Impact Assessment.

While extracting meaningful information from big data is getting relevance, literature lacks information on how to handle sensitive data by different project partners in order to collectively answer research questions (RQs), especially on impact assessment of new automated driving technologies. This paper presents the application of an established reference piloting methodology and the consequent development of a coherent, robust workflow. Key challenges include ensuring methodological soundness and data validity while protecting partners' intellectual property.

Constructing Spaces and Times for Tactical Analysis in Football.

A possible objective in analyzing trajectories of multiple simultaneously moving objects, such as football players during a game, is to extract and understand the general patterns of coordinated movement in different classes of situations as they develop. For achieving this objective, we propose an approach that includes a combination of query techniques for flexible selection of episodes of situation development, a method for dynamic aggregation of data from selected groups of episodes, and a data structure for representing the aggregates that enables their exploration and use in further analysis. The aggregation, which is meant to abstract general movement patterns, involves construction of new time-homomorphic reference systems owing to iterative application of aggregation operators to a sequence of data selections.

A framework for definition of logical scenarios for safety assurance of automated driving.

In order to introduce automated vehicles on public roads, it is necessary to ensure that these vehicles are safe to operate in traffic. One challenge is to prove that all physically possible variations of situations can be handled safely within the operational design domain of the vehicle. A promising approach to handling the set of possible situations is to identify a manageable number of logical scenarios, which provide an abstraction for object properties and behavior within the situations.

Decline in Match Running Performance in Football is affected by an Increase in Game Interruptions.

This study quantified the contribution of game interruptions to the fatigue-related declines in match running performance over the course of a football match. Using a semi-automatic multiple camera system, the running activity of 792 individual German Bundesliga performances was divided into pre-defined 15-minute intervals and subsequently analysed under two prerequisites: with (effective playing time) and without (total playing time) consideration of game interruptions. Results showed a significant decline in effective playing time over the course of a match, from 66.

A topography of free kicks in soccer.

This study investigates the spatial relationship of performance variables for soccer free kicks. In order to suggest ways in which players might optimise their performance, we collected data from free kicks (<35 m to goal line) of two German Bundesliga seasons (2013/14, 2014/15) (n = 1624). In the analysis, we applied the ISO-map approach using colour gradients to visualise the mean values of a variable on a 2D-map of the pitch.

Effect of Ambient Temperature on Pacing in Soccer Depends on Skill Level.

Link, D and Weber, H. Effect of ambient temperature on pacing in soccer depends on skill level. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1766-1770, 2017-This study examines the influence ambient temperature has on the distances covered by players in soccer matches.