Causes of death among women aged 17-49 years between 2007 and 2010 in Maputo, Mozambique.

Objectives: To describe causes of death among young women and estimate the role of HIV/AIDS as a cause in Maputo City, based on the civil death register.

Methods: Death data of 17-49 year-old women were abstracted from January 2007-March 2010 from the civil death register in Maputo City, registering overall about 15 000 deaths per-year. Causes of death in the register were either based on physicians' diagnoses on death certificates or determined by asking questions to deceased relatives.

Correction: Perinatal outcomes after induced termination of pregnancy by methods: A nationwide register-based study of first births in Finland 1996-2013.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Association of Trial Registration With Reporting of Primary Outcomes in Protocols and Publications.

This study characterizes discrepancies between primary outcomes specified in trial protocols, registrations, and publications, and the association between prospective registration and consistency of published outcomes.

Perinatal outcomes after induced termination of pregnancy by methods: A nationwide register-based study of first births in Finland 1996-2013.

Background: Women with previous terminations of pregnancy (TOPs) before their first birth have been associated with poorer perinatal outcomes. However, previous studies on the perinatal outcomes by the method in previous TOPs are inconsistent.

Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes of the first-time mothers with singleton births, by the method of previous TOP (medical and surgical vs no TOP, and surgical vs medical).

Effect of characteristics of women on attendance in blind and non-blind randomised trials: analysis of recruitment data from the EPHT Trial.

Objectives: To analyse the effect of women's characteristics on their willingness to join a blind or a non-blind subtrial or to be excluded by physicians.

Design: Primary prevention trial of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT). A 2×2, randomised design with a non-blind HT arm or control arm and a blind HT arm or placebo arm.

At what age does the risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes increase? Nationwide register-based study on first births in Finland in 2005-2014.

Introduction: It is poorly understood if there are specific ages at which adverse outcomes during pregnancy and childbirth start to increase (threshold-ages). The purpose of this study was to examine at which maternal ages the use of maternity care and the risks for adverse maternal and infant outcomes increase.

Material And Methods: National data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register including all first-time mothers aged 20 years or over with singleton pregnancies in 2005-2014 were analyzed (n = 228 348).

Changes in work behavior during pregnancy in rural Anhui, China from 2001-03 to 2009: a population based cross-sectional study.

Background: In low- and middle-income countries, many women continue working later into pregnancy. In our recent study on some areas in rural China, most women stopped working already during the first trimester (≤3 months) of pregnancy. In this paper we aimed to explore whether stopping work during early pregnancy has changed over an 8 year period (between 2001-03 and 2009); we also studied whether the reasons for stopping work early were the same in the two time periods.

Antidepressant use and violent crimes among young people: a longitudinal examination of the Finnish 1987 birth cohort.

Background: The use of antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), has been questioned due to poor efficacy and safety. We examined whether young violent offenders were more likely antidepressant users prior to their first violent offence than other young persons.

Methods: The study is a follow-up of children born in Finland in 1987 (n=59 120), linking national registers to each other using personal identity codes.

Is selective prenatal iron prophylaxis better than routine prophylaxis: final results of a trial (PROFEG) in Maputo, Mozambique.

Objective: To compare routine versus selective (ie, screening and treatment for anaemia) prenatal iron prophylaxis in a malaria-endemic and HIV-prevalent setting, an extended analysis including previously missing data.

Design: A pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial.

Setting: 2 health centres in Maputo, Mozambique.

Short-term effects of the "Together at School" intervention program on children's socio-emotional skills: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Background: Together at School is a universal intervention program designed to promote socio-emotional skills among primary-school children. It is based on a whole school approach, and implemented in school classes by teachers. The aim of the present study is to examine the short-term effects of the intervention program in improving socio-emotional skills and reducing psychological problems among boys and girls.

Research ethics committees in the regulation of clinical research: comparison of Finland to England, Canada, and the United States.

Background: The aim of this paper is to compare common features and variation in the work of research ethics committees (RECs) in Finland to three other countries - England, Canada, the United States of America (USA) - in the late 2000s.

Methods: Several approaches and data sources were used, including semi- or unstructured interviews of experts, documents, previous reports, presentations in meetings and observations. A theoretical framework was created and data from various sources synthesized.

Aging fatherhood in Finland - first-time fathers in Finland from 1987 to 2009.

Aim: The increase in maternal age has been well documented in Western societies, but information on paternal age trends is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in age and other background characteristics of first-time fathers in Finland in the period 1987-2009.

Materials And Methods: A random 60% sample of first-time fathers in each year from 1987 to 2009 was obtained from Statistics Finland (n=344,529).

Caesarean section rates in Mozambique.

Background: The Caesarean section (C-section) rate is used as an indicator for availability and utilization of life-saving obstetric services. The purpose of the present study was to explore changes in C-section rates between 1995 and 2011 by area, place of delivery and maternal socioeconomic factors in Mozambique.

Methods: Cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Mozambique in 1997, 2003 and 2011 were used, including women having a live birth within 3 years prior to the survey.

Decisions by Finnish Medical Research Ethics Committees: A Nationwide Study of Process and Outcomes.

Review by research ethics committees (RECs) is the key in medical research regulation. Data from meeting notes and project summaries were abstracted from all projects submitted in 2002 (n = 1,004) and 2007 (n = 1,045) to the official medical RECs in Finland. Data from consecutive submissions were combined per project.

[External regulation of clinical research requires a change].

Key findings and recommendations from a study comparing clinical research regulation in Finland with those in England, Canada (Ontario) and USA are presented. Data were collected with various methods, including interviewing key experts. While the norms and ethical codes were similar, the interpretation partly differed.

Actors involved in the regulation of clinical research: comparison of Finland to England, Canada, and the USA.

Background: The relevance and quantity of clinical research has caused concern and regulation is claimed to hinder clinical research. This paper compares clinical research regulations in Finland to those of England, Canada, and the USA around 2010-2011.

Methods: Several approaches and data sources were used, including semi- or unstructured interviews of experts.

"Together at school"--a school-based intervention program to promote socio-emotional skills and mental health in children: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Background: Schools provide a natural context to promote children's mental health. However, there is a need for more evidence-based, high quality school intervention programs combined with an accurate evaluation of their general effectiveness and effectiveness of specific intervention methods. The aim of this paper is to present a study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the "Together at School" intervention program.

Cesarean section in Shanghai: women's or healthcare provider's preferences?

Background: Cesarean section (CS) rate has increased rapidly over the past two decades in China mainly driven by non-medical factors. This study was to compare recalled preferences for CS among first-time mothers in early and late pregnancy with actual delivery mode; to explore factors related to CS preference and CS performed without medical indications; and to consider the role of healthcare providers in delivery mode preferences.

Methods: An anonymous questionnaire survey, combined with data on CS indications taken from the patient record, was conducted among 272 first-time mothers having their first postnatal check-up in one university affiliated obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Shanghai, China, between September 2006 and January 2007.

[Pregnancies and deliveries in Finland and Estonia in 1997 to 2011].

Background And Methods: Treatment practices of pregnancies and deliveries and newborn health have differed from each other between Finland and Estonia. We examined changes in the differences from 1997 to 2011 from national birth registers and official statistics.

Results: Deliveries, abortions and overall fertility remained similar in Finland.

Adherence in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial on prophylactic iron supplementation during pregnancy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Objective: Assessing the level of adherence and its determinants is important in appraising the overall effectiveness of trials. The present study aimed to evaluate the extent of adherence and its determinants in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of Fe prophylaxis during pregnancy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Design: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Supplemental iron intake and the risk of glucose intolerance in pregnancy: re-analysis of a randomised controlled trial in Finland.

Observational studies suggest that high iron intake during pregnancy is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes. As such studies are prone to bias, we re-analysed data from a randomised controlled trial of iron supplementation to see whether it supports the risk found in observational studies. The trial was conducted in primary health care setting in five municipalities in Finland in 1985-1986.

Socioeconomic differences in self-rated health among women: a comparison of St. Petersburg to Estonia and Finland.

Introduction: Social determinants of health have not been intensively studied in Russia, even though the health divide has been clearly demonstrated by an increased mortality rate among those with low education. A comparative analysis of social health determinants in countries with different historical and economic backgrounds may provide useful evidence for addressing health inequalities. We aimed to assess socioeconomic determinants of self-rated health in St.

Varying ethics rules in clinical research and routine patient care--research ethics committee chairpersons' views in Finland.

Background: To present empirical data on how the variation in regulating clinical research and patient care was perceived in Finland between 2009 and 2012.

Methods: Notes of interviews with 22 research ethics committee (REC) chairpersons were analyzed to identify whether differences in the regulation of clinical research and patient care were addressed. REC chairpersons' opinions on three imaginary cases of clinical research projects challenging current research ethics rules (vignettes) were requested with a questionnaire; 18 of the 22 interviewed chairpersons responded.