Effects of Intranasal and Intravenous Dexmedetomidine on Hemodynamic Responses to Tracheal Intubation and Skull Pin Holder Fixation: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (L&I) and the fixation of skull-pin head-holders are associated with various sympathetic stimuli leading to hemodynamic changes. These changes may lead to myocardial ischemia, brain edema, an increase in intracranial pressure, or intracranial hemorrhage. Many drugs have been used in different combinations to attenuate the sympathetic responses to L&I and skull-pin insertion.