Inflammatory and transudative B-line patterns on lung ultrasound: a brief communication.

Lung ultrasonic B-lines have high accuracy in diagnosing extravascular lung water (ELW) but have not been systematically subcategorized to differentiate the varied etiologies of ELW. This brief communication describes subcategories of B-lines into "inflammatory" and "transudative" patterns, based on their location, pleural morphology and associated subpleural pathologies. This subcategorization was derived using information from trainees undergoing lung ultrasound training in the program, pathophysiological principles and their corresponding ultrasound correlates.

A historical timeline of the development and evolution of medical diagnostic ultrasonography.

Diagnostic ultrasonography has evolved to become an indispensable imaging tool that permits non-invasive evaluation of the whole body. In this narrative review, we present a historical timeline of the invention, development, and evolution of diagnostic medical ultrasound. It includes interesting fun facts that may help the reader identify with many of the incredible researchers in this field.

Remi-fent 1-A pragmatic randomised controlled study to evaluate the feasibility of using remifentanil or fentanyl as sedation adjuncts in mechanically ventilated patients.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of conducting a prospective randomised controlled trial (pRCT) comparing remifentanil and fentanyl as adjuncts to sedate mechanically ventilated patients.

Design: Single-center, open-labelled, pRCT with blinded analysis.

Setting: Australian tertiary intensive care unit (ICU).

A Survey of Clinicians Regarding Goals of Care for Patients with Severe Comorbid Illnesses Hospitalized for an Acute Deterioration.

Background: Patients with terminal illnesses hospitalized with acute deteriorations often suffer from unnecessary/inappropriate therapies at the end of their lives. Appropriate advance care planning (ACP) practices aligned to patients' goals of care may mitigate this.

Materials And Methods: To explore the rationale for clinical decision-making in hospitalized patients with terminal illnesses and formulate a practice pathway to streamline care.

Criteria, Processes, and Determination of Competence in Basic Critical Care Echocardiography Training: A Delphi Process Consensus Statement by the Learning Ultrasound in Critical Care (LUCC) Initiative.

Background: With the paucity of high-quality studies on longitudinal basic critical care echocardiography (BCCE) training, expert opinion guidelines have guided BCCE competence educational standards and processes. However, existing guidelines lack precise detail due to methodological flaws during guideline development.

Research Questions: To formulate methodologically robust guidelines on BCCE training using evidence and expert opinion, detailing specific criteria for every step, we conducted a modified Delphi process using the principles of the validated AGREE-II tool.

Methodologic Quality of Guidelines for Training or Competence Processes for Basic Point-of-Care Echocardiography in Critical Care: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background: The formulation of expert opinion guidelines has several sources of bias that may adversely affect their quality. To minimize bias, guideline creators must use rigorous methodology. There has been no appraisal of the methodologic quality of basic critical care echocardiography (BCCE) training/education guidelines.

A Deep Learning-Based Algorithm Identifies Glaucomatous Discs Using Monoscopic Fundus Photographs.

Purpose: To develop and test the performance of a deep learning-based algorithm for glaucomatous disc identification using monoscopic fundus photographs.

Design: Fundus photograph database study.

Participants: Four thousand three hundred ninety-four fundus photographs, including 3768 images from previous Sydney-based clinical studies and 626 images from publicly available online RIM-ONE and High-Resolution Fundus (HRF) databases with definitive diagnoses.

Optimizing the Detection of Preperimetric Glaucoma by Combining Structural and Functional Tests.

Purpose: We evaluated the performance of low contrast achromatic (LLA) multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP) in preperimetric glaucoma and compared its diagnostic performance to other early diagnostic tests. We identified the clinically most useful tests and combinations in preperimetric glaucoma.

Methods: We studied 59 patients with at least one glaucomatous disc, with normal, reliable visual fields in that eye, and 17 normal controls.

Outcomes: Trabeculectomy Bleb Needle Revision With 5-Fluorouracil.

Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of trabeculectomy bleb needle revision with 5-fluorouracil augmentation performed in the operating theater.

Methods: Retrospective study of all patients undergoing trabeculectomy bleb needle revisions in the operating theater performed by a single surgeon in a metropolitan hospital in Australia. A total of 51 needle revisions were performed on 33 eyes over a mean follow-up time of 1.

Relationship between optical coherence tomography and electrophysiology of the visual pathway in non-optic neuritis eyes of multiple sclerosis patients.

Purpose: Loss of retinal ganglion cells in in non-optic neuritis eyes of Multiple Sclerosis patients (MS-NON) has recently been demonstrated. However, the pathological basis of this loss at present is not clear. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate associations of clinical (high and low contrast visual acuity) and electrophysiological (electroretinogram and multifocal Visual Evoked Potentials) measures of the visual pathway with neuronal and axonal loss of RGC in order to better understand the nature of this loss.

Axonal loss in non-optic neuritis eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis linked to delayed visual evoked potential.

Objective: Recent studies demonstrate significant thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in multiple sclerosis (MS) non-optic neuritis (MS-NON) eyes. However, the pathologic basis of this reduction is not clear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship of the RNFL thickness in MS-NON eyes with latency delay of the multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP), a surrogate marker of the visual pathway demyelination.

Reproducibility of multifocal VEP latency using different stimulus presentations.

The aims of the article were to study the reproducibility of latency of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) recorded using different stimulus presentations and to identify the peak with least variability. Ten normal subjects, aged between 22 and 52 years (mean age 32 ± 8.37 years), participated in the study.

Optic disc dimensions and cup-disc ratios among healthy South Indians: The Chennai Glaucoma Study.

Purpose: To present optic disc and cup dimensions, cup-disc ratios (CDRs) and asymmetry among healthy South Indians, and their associations with ocular and systemic variables.

Methods: A total of 623 healthy phakic participants of the Chennai Glaucoma Study underwent complete eye examinations including optic disc stereo-photography. Planimetry was performed under stereo-viewing conditions.

Low-luminance contrast stimulation is optimal for early detection of glaucoma using multifocal visual evoked potentials.

Purpose: The blue-on-yellow multifocal visual evoked potential (BonY mfVEP) stimulus is more sensitive than the conventional black-and-white pattern-reversal stimulus in identifying early glaucoma. BonY employs pattern-onset stimulation and lower luminance contrast (40%) in addition to color. This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the enhanced performance of the BonY stimulus.

Dichoptic suppression of mfVEP amplitude: effect of retinal eccentricity and simulated unilateral visual impairment.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of retinal eccentricity on the phenomenon of dichoptic suppression of the mfVEP amplitude and to examine the relationship between the degree of simulated unilateral visual impairment and the possible release of dichoptic suppression in the contralateral eye.

Method: Eight subjects with corrected visual acuity (VAc) >6/6 and stereoacuity >60 sec arc underwent monocular and dichoptic pattern-pulse mfVEP. Dichoptic stimulation was repeated with refractively induced blur of one eye with +4-D and +6-D lenses above distance correction.

Remyelination of optic nerve lesions: spatial and temporal factors.

Optic neuritis provides an in vivo model to study demyelination. The effects of myelin loss and recovery can be measured by the latency of the multifocal visual evoked potentials. We investigated whether the extent of initial inflammatory demyelination in optic neuritis correlates with the remyelinating capacity of the optic nerve.

The Chennai glaucoma study: prevalence and risk factors for glaucoma in cataract operated eyes in urban Chennai.

We report the prevalence and risk factors for glaucoma among aphakes and pseudophakes in 3850 subjects who participated in a population-based study in urban south India. The subjects underwent an ophthalmic examination including applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, optic disc evaluation and frequency doubling perimetry. Glaucoma was diagnosed using the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria.

Outcomes of cataract surgery in a rural and urban south Indian population.

Purpose: To assess the visual outcome after cataract surgery in a south Indian population.

Materials And Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study of subjects aged 40 years or more. Three thousand nine hundred and twenty-four rural subjects from 27 contiguous villages and 3850 urban subjects from five randomly selected divisions were studied.

Central corneal thickness in adult South Indians: the Chennai Glaucoma Study.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of central corneal thickness (CCT) and its association with age, gender, and intraocular pressure in rural and urban South Indian populations.

Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: Seven thousand seven hundred seventy-four subjects (rural-to-urban ratio, 3924:3850) aged 40 years and older were examined at a dedicated facility in the base hospital.

Interrelationship of optical coherence tomography and multifocal visual-evoked potentials after optic neuritis.

Purpose: Acute optic neuritis (ON) is often followed by recovery of visual function. Although this recovery is mainly attributable to resolution of the acute inflammation, the redistribution of ion channels along the demyelinated membrane, and subsequent remyelination, part of it may be the result of neural plasticity. In the present study, the interrelationship was examined between structural (retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] thickness) and functional (amplitude of multifocal visual evoked potentials [mfVEPs]) measures of the integrity of the visual pathway in the postacute stage of ON, to determine whether there was any evidence of ongoing neural reorganization.

Determinants of glaucoma awareness and knowledge in urban Chennai.

Aim: To assess the awareness and knowledge levels about glaucoma and its determinants in an urban population of Chennai in south India.

Materials And Methods: Chennai glaucoma study (CGS) was a population based prevalence study to estimate the prevalence of glaucoma in a rural and urban south Indian population. A total of 3850 subjects aged 40 years or above participated in the urban arm of CGS.

Identifying preperimetric functional loss in glaucoma: a blue-on-yellow multifocal visual evoked potentials study.

Purpose: To determine the ability of blue-on-yellow multifocal visual evoked potentials (BonY mfVEP) to identify functional loss in preperimetric glaucoma.

Design: Prospective case series.

Participants: Thirty patients with glaucomatous optic discs and normal standard visual fields.

Comparison of Humphrey MATRIX and Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard strategy in detecting early glaucomatous visual field loss.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the Humphrey MATRIX visual field (frequency doubling technology threshold) and Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA) standard strategy white on white perimetry in detecting glaucomatous visual field loss.

Material And Methods: Twenty-eight adult subjects, diagnosed to have glaucoma at a tertiary eye care hospital, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were included in this prospective study. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination.

Agreement between two Goldmann type applanation tonometers.

The aim of the study was to assess agreement between two commercially available applanation tonometers for the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP). Forty subjects underwent IOP measurement on two accurately calibrated Goldmann type applanation tonometers (Zeiss AT 030 (GATZ) and Inami L-5110(GATI)). The order of examination was randomized and observers were masked to the IOP recorded.