Blindness and eye disease in Cambodia.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and etiology of blindness and low vision and to assess the prevalence of common eye diseases in central Cambodia.

Methods: In this cross-sectional, population-based study, 6,558 residents of Kandal Province, Cambodia were registered, and 5,803 (88.5%) were interviewed and examined.

Immunosuppressive agents and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for ocular immune and inflammatory disorders.

We now have at our disposal several nonsteroidal immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents that may be used in addition to or instead of corticosteroids to treat ocular diseases. This article discusses some of the nonsteroidal immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents available to the ophthalmologist.

VIP immunoreactivity in human aqueous humor.

Purpose: To demonstrate the presence of vasoactive intestinal pep-tide (VIP)-immunoreactive molecule in the human aqueous humor collected from eyes undergoing either cataract or glaucoma surgeries and to identify them asses of molecules responsible for the VIP immunoreactivity.

Methods: Aqueous humor specimens were collected by parencentesis from nine cataract patients and also from eight patients undergoing glaucoma surgery following the creation of the limbal based conjunctival flap, partial dissection of the scleral flap, and application of mitomycin-C. The aqueous humor specimens were analyzed by radioimmunoassay to determine the level of VIP immunoreactivity.

Cataract surgery in a patient with Brown-McLean syndrome.

The Brown-McLean syndrome is defined by corneal edema that involves the peripheral 2.0 to 3.0 mm of cornea, sparing the central cornea.

Penetrating eye injury in war.

The percentage of penetrating eye injuries in war has increased significantly in this century compared with the total number of combat injuries. With the increasing use of fragmentation weapons and possibly laser weapons on the battle-field in the future, the rate of eye injuries may exceed the 13% of the total military injuries found in Operations Desert Storm/Shield. During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), eye injuries revealed that retained foreign bodies and posterior segment injuries have an improved prognosis in future military ophthalmic surgery as a result of modern diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Corneal melting after avulsion of a Molteno shunt plate.

Purpose: We report a case of Molteno shunt avulsion after blunt trauma resulting in corneal melting. The implant's connecting tube had been placed above the superior rectus muscle.

Methods: Case report.

Pharmacomanipulation of HSV-1 induced chorioretinitis in mice.

In the von Szily mouse model, intracameral inoculation of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) results in inflammation of the ipsilateral anterior segment with relative chorioretinal sparing and destructive contralateral chorioretinitis. We studied the effect of the systemic antiviral agent acyclovir (ACV) and anti-HSV-1 antibody therapy in this model. Contralateral chorioretinitis developed in none of the 18 mice receiving ACV from post-inoculation day (pid) 1 (p < 0.

Phase I clinical trial of all-trans-retinoic acid with correlation of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

A phase I trial of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) was conducted to establish the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of ATRA given once daily to patients with solid tumors. Cancer patients for whom no standard therapy was available were treated with ATRA once daily. Doses were escalated in cohorts of at least three patients.

Ocular symptoms and signs associated with suramin sodium treatment for metastatic cancer of the prostate.

Purpose: Therapy with suramin sodium has been associated with photophobia, iritis, optic atrophy, and vortex keratopathy. We studied the ocular findings in patients who underwent treatment with suramin sodium for metastatic cancer of the prostate.

Methods: In a prospective study, 114 patients who underwent treatment with suramin sodium for cancer of the prostate had an ophthalmologic examination with two weeks of onset of treatment and two weeks after termination of therapy.

Phase I and clinical evaluation of a pharmacologically guided regimen of suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Purpose: This phase I study was designed with the following objectives: (1) to describe the overall and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of suramin administered by intermittent short intravenous infusions until DLT or disease progression; (2) to determine the ability of an adaptive control with feedback (ACF) dosing strategy to maintain suramin plasma concentrations within a preselected range; (3) to develop a population model of suramin pharmacokinetics; and (4) to identify preliminary evidence of antitumor activity.

Patients And Methods: Seventy-three patients with advanced, incurable, solid tumors (including 69 with hormone-refractory prostate cancer) received an initial 5- to 7-day daily loading treatment followed by intermittent infusions individually determined by ACF using a Bayesian algorithm and relying on population models of suramin pharmacokinetics. Treatment was given to three cohorts of patients based on target plasma suramin concentration ranges (peak, 30 minutes postsuramin, and trough on morning of the treatment day), as follows: cohort 1, 175 to 300 micrograms/mL (27 patients); cohort 2, 150 to 250 micrograms/mL (23 patients); and cohort 3, 100 to 200 micrograms/mL (23 patients).

Microbial keratitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Background: Posterior segment complications of systemic infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are well recognized. The anterior segment complications often are, however, overlooked. The author treated 20 episodes of nonherpetic infectious keratitis in 17 eyes of 13 patients infected with HIV who presented between August 1990 and May 1994.

Ocular injuries from violence treated at an inner-city hospital.

Unlabelled: A computerized data base identified 277 patients with violence-related ocular injuries seen during 16 months in an inner-city hospital. They constituted 35% of all patients with ocular injuries during the study period. Their demographics and ocular findings were analyzed.

Bilateral iridocorneal endothelial syndrome: case report and review of the literature.

We present the case of a 47-year-old woman with bilateral iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. The iridocorneal endothelial syndrome has heretofore been considered a unilateral disorder. However, a review of the literature and examination of the patient presented in this report indicate that bilateral occurrence of the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is not uncommon.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 induced retinal necrosis in BALB/c mice.

We injected herpes simplex virus type 2 of MS- or G-strain into the anterior chamber of BALB/c mice. In the contralateral eye inflammatory cell infiltration began in the ciliary body; focal retinitis, detected by day 8, led to total destruction of the retina by day 10. Contralateral disease was observed in 75% of mice inoculated with 8 x 10(3) pfu herpes simplex virus type 2, but in only 20% of mice receiving 80 pfu herpes simplex virus type 2.

Endogenous Fusarium endophthalmitis in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Endogenous fungal endophalmitis is an uncommon complication of systemic mycosis. Only a few cases involving Fusarium have been reported, most with unfavorable visual outcomes. We examined a 31-year-old woman with acute lymphocytic leukemia who developed sudden visual loss in her right eye.

Recurrent corneal infections in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A 29-year-old female intravenous drug abuser infected with the human immunodeficiency virus suffered recurrent, bilateral corneal infections over an 11-month period. Multiple infectious organisms were responsible, including capnocytophaga species, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococcus, and a-streptococcus. One eye was eviscerated because of corneal perforation and loss of vision; the second eye has maintained good vision.

Biomicroscopic and histopathologic observations after corneal laser photocoagulation in a rabbit model of corneal neovascularization.

Corneal neovascularization complicates many anterior segment diseases. Corneal laser photocoagulation using yellow light (577 nm) has been shown to reduce corneal neovascularization. No histopathologic studies of the effects of this treatment on the eye have been reported, however.

Spontaneous ulcerative keratitis in immunocompromised patients.

We studied the occurrence of ulcerative keratitis in five eyes of four patients who were examined at the University of Maryland Hospital ophthalmology clinic over a 12-month period. All were young women who were intravenous drug abusers, with no known predisposing factors for ulcerative keratitis. Two patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, and the fourth refused HIV testing.

Infectious scleritis: report of four cases.

While systemic autoimmune diseases are the main possibilities in the differential diagnosis of scleritis, other less common etiologies such as infections must also be considered. The authors report four cases of infectious scleritis to review predisposing factors, clinical characteristics, methods of diagnostic approach, and response to therapy. Two patients had primary scleritis and two patients had secondary scleritis following extension of primary corneal infection (corneoscleritis).

Orbital cellulitis caused by Eikenella corrodens.

Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus with specific culture and growth requirements and unusual antibacterial susceptibilities. It has only recently been recognized as a human pathogen. Ocular and adnexal infections with this organism are rare especially in children.

Six cases of scleritis associated with systemic infection.

Isolated scleritis (without keratitis) associated with infections is uncommon, and correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy for it are often delayed. Six patients with infection-associated scleritis were seen at our institution between May 1983 and May 1990 (these patients represented 4.6% of all patients with scleritis [six of 130 patients] in that period).

Intraocular penetration of ketoconazole in rabbits.

We studied penetration of the antifungal agent ketoconazole into the cornea, aqueous humor, and vitreous of rabbits after topical, subconjunctival, and oral administration. The effect of debridement of corneal epithelium on penetration was also investigated. Ketoconazole levels in the cornea and aqueous humor were high after topical or subconjunctival administration, and increased markedly (especially in the cornea) if the corneal epithelium had been debrided before administration of the drug.

Immunohistopathologic findings in herpes simplex virus chorioretinitis in the von Szily model.

After anterior chamber inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), some mice have a characteristic pattern of ocular disease, including ipsilateral anterior uveitis, relative sparing of the ipsilateral retina, and necrotizing contralateral chorioretinitis. It was reported previously that susceptibility to the contralateral chorioretinitis is associated with the Igh-1 locus; congenic mice differing at this locus have different rates of contralateral disease. The immunohistopathologic findings of this model in Igh-1 disparate congenic mice are reported after examining immune cell populations (CD4, CD8, Thy 1.