A needle in the haystack: An unusual case presentation of ganglioneuroblastoma at a tertiary care center in Coastal Karnataka.

Key Clinical Message: This case report highlights the importance of recognizing and accurately diagnosing ganglioneuroblastoma, an uncommon variant of neuroblastic tumors in children. Ganglioneuroblastomas have diverse clinical and morphological presentations, and histopathological examination is paramount in guiding treatment decisions, especially in cases with ambiguous symptoms. Early detection is crucial, as the prognosis varies significantly based on the subtype and the presence of metastatic disease.

A Silent Non-thyroidal Adenoma in the Thyroid.

The surgeon needs to assess clinically significant thyroid nodules as they may represent aggressive forms of thyroid cancer or ectopic parathyroid glands. We discuss one such unusual nodule in the thyroid.

Heat exertion precipitating shock and death in a case of previously undiagnosed sickle-cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition characterized by the presence of a mutated form of haemoglobin (HbS). HbS polymerises into long needle-like fibres under low oxygen conditions, leading to the erythrocytes forming sickle shaped red blood cells. With repeated sickling, the red blood cells become irreversibly sickled and trapped within the circulation, and this leads to vaso-occlusive crisis.

Isolated thyroid carcinoma in an ectopic thyroid tissue.

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) is a rare developmental abnormality due to aberrant embryogenesis of the thyroid gland. Although rare (<1%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant transformation seen. A 34-year-old man presented with neck nodal swelling, on preoperative evaluation, was found to have PT) in ETT with the normal thyroid gland and nodal metastasis.

Assessment of p16 and Ki67 Immunohistochemistry Expression in Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion with Cytohistomorphological Correlation.

Background & Objective: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with high mortality, necessitating quicker diagnostic methods. We wish to enhance the existing cervical biopsies of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL) using p16 and Ki67 as surrogate markers to assess correlation between its positivity and histological grade of the lesion.

Methods: Analysis of p16 and Ki67 expression was done on 31 histopathologically diagnosed cases of SILs.

T-cell lymphomas in a tertiary care center of Mangalore.

Background: The clinicomorphology and immunohistochemical features of T-cell lymphomas have been documented.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the spectrum of clincopathological features of T-cell lymphoma with immunohistochemistry correlation in a tertiary care center.

Materials And Methods: The present study was conducted on 19 biopsy specimens received from the Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, from referral hospitals of Mangalore city.

Clear cell carcinoma of breast lipid-rich variant.

Clear cell breast carcinomas are one of the rare types of invasive carcinoma of the breast. Among them, lipid-rich variant is still rare comprising <1%. The tumor derives its name from the intracytoplasmic neutral lipid that gives the cytoplasm a vacuolated and foamy appearance.

Xanthomatous hypophysitis: A rare case report with review of literature.

Hypophysitis is classified into primary and secondary. Xanthomatous hypophysitis is one of the rare types of primary hypophysitis. A 55-year-old female presented with headache, vomiting, and blurring of vision.

Discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1, a keystone in the diagnosis of extraintestinal gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) but have a low incidence. Arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal, GISTs occur at different sites in the GIT with stomach being the most common. They can rarely be seen at sites outside the GIT such as omentum, retroperitoneum and are called as extraintestinal GISTs (EGIST).

A Study of Pap Smears in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women from a Tertiary Care Center in South India.

Objectives: The aim of this work was to study the spectrum of epithelial abnormalities on Pap smears of HIV-positive women categorized as per the Bethesda System of Reporting Cervical Cytology, to correlate them with CD4 lymphocyte counts, and to compare them with the spectrum of abnormalities seen in a HIV-negative control group. Study Design and Methodology: The present study was a 6-year retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, which included 150 Pap smears from HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. The Pap-stained slides of the cases were retrieved and studied.

Neoplastic Meningitis: A Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Coastal India.

Introduction: Neoplastic involvement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secondary to known or unknown primaries elsewhere is a poor prognostic factor and is equivalent to stage IV disease.

Aim: The aim of the study is to analyse the cytological features of neoplastic meningitis in a tertiary care center.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study of 400 consecutive CSF samples was done in the cytology laboratory of our hospital.

Evaluation of p53 protein expression in Barrett esophagus.

Background: Loss of heterozygosity of p53 along with aneuploidy is deemed to be the early molecular steps in Barrett metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Objective biomarkers need to be used along with microscopy for risk stratification to predict the progression of Barrett esophagus (BE) to carcinoma.

Aim: This study aims to study p53 protein expression in dysplasia and correlate the same with morphology in BE.

Histomorphologic Spectrum in Hyaline Vascular Variant of Castleman Disease.

Introduction: Castleman Disease (CD) is a rare lymphopro-liferative disorder with heterogenous clinical and pathological features. It is a rare disease with mention in the rare disease data of the orphanet. It can present as unicentric or multicentric disease.

The Significance of Glandular Cells on Conventional Cervicovaginal Smears: Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal India.

Introduction: Glandular lesions of the female genital tract (FGT) are quite uncommon compared to squamous lesions. Their cytological diagnosis is difficult because of their architectural and cytological complexity, as well as the lack of experience of many cytopathologists in this field. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in the diagnosis of glandular FGT lesions.

Fungal spores and fruiting bodies in cervicovaginal smears: Contaminant or infection?

Background: Contaminants from various sources are curious findings in cervicovaginal smears and pose diagnostic challenges especially when they need to be distinguished from pathogens. Candidiasis is the most frequently encountered fungal infection but fungal contaminants are relatively common. Detection of fruiting bodies and spores of Aspergillus species is uncommon and may represent either a true infection or contamination.

Cervical cytological abnormalities and human papilloma virus infection in women infected with HIV in Southern India.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the association between CD4 count, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 HIV-infected women attending an antiretroviral therapy clinic. They underwent Pap smear and cervical HPV DNA testing.

Morphological Spectrum of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Southern Karnataka.

Introduction: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer worldwide, which appears over sun-exposed skin as slow-growing, locally invasive lesion that rarely metastasizes. Many phenotypic presentations are possible. BCCs are more common in males and tend to occur in older people.

A rare spindle-cell variant of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the mandible.

A 64-year-old male farmer presented with a rapidly progressive swelling of the left mandible since 6 months. The swelling was firm to hard, diffuse, nontender, obliterating the vestibule with paresthesia of lower lip. The cone beam computed tomography imaging revealed an ill-defined, moth-eaten radiolucency with destruction of the buccal and lingual cortical plates.

Comparative analysis of copy number variations in ulcerative colitis associated and sporadic colorectal neoplasia.

Background: The incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancers (CRC) can be reduced by early detection. Currently there is a lack of established markers to detect early neoplastic changes. We aimed to identify the copy number variations (CNVs) and the associated genes which could be potential markers for the detection of neoplasia in both ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia (UC-CRN) and sporadic colorectal neoplasia (S-CRN).