Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. We aimed to assess the incidence and clearance of penile high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infections and their determinants among HIV-negative MSM living in the Netherlands.
Methods: Between 2010 and 2015, HIV-negative MSM were semiannually tested for penile HPV and completed detailed questionnaires on health and sexual behavior.