The state of play of rodent models for the study of infection.

is the most common cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and is responsible for a spectrum of diseases characterized by high levels of recurrence and morbidity. In some cases, complications can lead to death. Currently, several types of animal models have been developed to study various aspects of infection (CDI), such as colonization, virulence, transmission and recurrence.

A Streamlined Method to Obtain Biologically Active TcdA and TcdB Toxins from .

The major virulence factors of () are enterotoxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). The study of toxins is a crucial step in exploring the virulence of this pathogen. Currently, the toxin purification process is either laborious and time-consuming in or performed in heterologous hosts.

Macrophage global metabolomics identifies cholestenone as host/pathogen cometabolite present in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) causes an enormous burden of disease worldwide. As a central aspect of its pathogenesis, M.

Clostridioides difficile peptidoglycan modifications.

The cortex and peptidoglycan of Clostridioides difficile have been poorly investigated. This last decade, the interest increased because these two structures are highly modified and these modifications may be involved in antimicrobial resistance. For example, C.

The invasive pathogen Yersinia pestis disrupts host blood vasculature to spread and provoke hemorrhages.

Yersinia pestis is a powerful pathogen with a rare invasive capacity. After a flea bite, the plague bacillus can reach the bloodstream in a matter of days giving way to invade the whole organism reaching all organs and provoking disseminated hemorrhages. However, the mechanisms used by this bacterium to cross and disrupt the endothelial vascular barrier remain poorly understood.

AsnB is responsible for peptidoglycan precursor amidation in in the presence of vancomycin.

630 possesses a cryptic but functional gene cluster homologous to the operon of . Expression of in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin is accompanied by peptidoglycan amidation on the -DAP residue. In this paper, we report the presence of two potential asparagine synthetase genes named and in the genome whose products were potentially involved in this peptidoglycan structure modification.

-Deacetylases required for muramic-δ-lactam production are involved in sporulation, germination, and heat resistance.

Spores are produced by many organisms as a survival mechanism activated in response to several environmental stresses. Bacterial spores are multilayered structures, one of which is a peptidoglycan layer called the cortex, containing muramic-δ-lactams that are synthesized by at least two bacterial enzymes, the muramoyl-l-alanine amidase CwlD and the -deacetylase PdaA. This study focused on the spore cortex of , a Gram-positive, toxin-producing anaerobic bacterial pathogen that can colonize the human intestinal tract and is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.