Intramuscular Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes E and A Elicit Distinct Effects on SNAP25 Protein Fragments, Muscular Histology, Spread and Neuronal Transport: An Integrated Histology-Based Study in the Rat.

Botulinum neurotoxins E (BoNT/E) and A (BoNT/A) act by cleaving Synaptosome-Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) at two different C-terminal sites, but they display very distinct durations of action, BoNT/E being short acting and BoNT/A long acting. We investigated the duration of action, spread and neuronal transport of BoNT/E (6.5 ng/kg) and BoNT/A (125 pg/kg) after single intramuscular administrations of high equivalent efficacious doses, in rats, over a 30- or 75-day periods, respectively.

Characterization of an interdigitating dendritic cell hyperplasia case in a lymph node of a control C57BL/6 mouse.

Interdigitating dendritic cell (IDC) hyperplasia is considered a benign spontaneous condition occasionally observed in the lymph nodes of mice. It has been rarely reported and, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been characterized using immunohistochemistry. The present work describes a spontaneous IDC hyperplasia case in a lymph node of a 16-week-old control female C57BL/6 mouse.

Urothelium proliferation is a trigger for renal crystal deposits in a murine lithogenesis model.

Most mouse kidney stone models induce nephrocalcinosis rather than urolithiasis. The aim of our study was to find an accelerated experimental model in order to study the early events of stone formation, that is, at the time of crystal binding to intrarenal urothelium. C57B6 mice exposed to vitamin D supplements and water containing hydroxyl-L-proline, ammonium chloride and calcium chloride were studied for 42 days.

Plasma heme-induced renal toxicity is related to a capillary rarefaction.

Severe hypertension can lead to malignant hypertension (MH) with renal thrombotic microangiopathy and hemolysis. The role of plasma heme release in this setting is unknown. We aimed at evaluating the effect of a mild plasma heme increase by hemin administration in angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated hypertensive rats.

Experimental models of renal calcium stones in rodents.

In human nephrolithiasis, most stones are containing calcium and are located within urinary cavities; they may contain monohydrate calcium oxalate, dihydrate calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphates in various proportion. Nephrolithiasis may also be associated with nephrocalcinosis, i.e.