TNF Lectin-Like Domain Restores Epithelial Sodium Channel Function in Frameshift Mutants Associated with Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type 1B.

Previous studies have indicated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activates amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) current through its lectin-like (TIP) domain, since cyclic peptides mimicking the TIP domain (e.g., solnatide), showed ENaC-activating properties.

Restoration of Epithelial Sodium Channel Function by Synthetic Peptides in Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type 1B Mutants.

The synthetically produced cyclic peptides solnatide (a.k.a.

Glycosylation-dependent activation of epithelial sodium channel by solnatide.

Dysfunction of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which regulates salt and water homeostasis in epithelia, causes several human pathological conditions, including pulmonary oedema. This is a potentially lethal complication of acute lung injury at least partially caused by dysfunctional alveolar liquid clearance, which in turn impairs alveolar gas exchange. Solnatide (named TIP-peptide, AP301), a 17 residue peptide mimicking the lectin-like domain of TNF has been shown to activate ENaC in several experimental animal models of acute lung injury and is being evaluated as a potential therapy for pulmonary oedema.

A FIM study to assess safety and exposure of inhaled single doses of AP301-A specific ENaC channel activator for the treatment of acute lung injury.

AP301 is an activator of ENaC-mediated Na(+) uptake for the treatment of pulmonary permeability edema in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The purpose of this "first-in-man" study was to examine local and systemic safety and systemic exposure of ascending single doses of AP301, when inhaled by healthy male subjects. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 48 healthy male subjects were randomized to 6 ascending dose groups (single doses up to 120 mg) of 8 subjects each (3:1 randomization of AP301: placebo).

Mechanism of action of novel lung edema therapeutic AP301 by activation of the epithelial sodium channel.

AP301 [Cyclo(CGQRETPEGAEAKPWYC)], a cyclic peptide comprising the human tumor necrosis factor lectin-like domain (TIP domain) sequence, is currently being developed as a treatment for lung edema and has been shown to reduce extravascular lung water and improve lung function in mouse, rat, and pig models. The current paradigm for liquid homeostasis in the adult mammalian lung is that passive apical uptake of sodium via the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na⁺ channel (ENaC) and nonselective cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation channels creates the major driving force for reabsorption of water through the alveolar epithelium in addition to other ion channels such as potassium and chloride channels. AP301 can increase amiloride-sensitive current in A549 cells as well as in freshly isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells from different species.

AP301, a synthetic peptide mimicking the lectin-like domain of TNF, enhances amiloride-sensitive Na(+) current in primary dog, pig and rat alveolar type II cells.

Pulmonary permeability oedema is a frequent complication in a number of life-threatening lung conditions, such as ALI and ARDS. Apart from ventilation strategies, no specific therapy yet exists for treatment of these potentially fatal illnesses. The oedema-reducing capacity of the lectin-like domain of TNF (TIP) and of synthetic peptides, mTIP and hTIP, which mimic the TIP domain of mouse and human TNF, have been demonstrated in various studies in rodents.

Essential structural features of TNF-α lectin-like domain derived peptides for activation of amiloride-sensitive sodium current in A549 cells.

The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a prominent role in sodium uptake from alveolar fluid and is the major component in alveolar fluid clearance in normal and diseased lungs. The lectin-like domain of TNF-α has been shown to activate amiloride-sensitive sodium uptake in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Therefore, several synthetic peptides that mimic the lectin-like domain of TNF-α (TIP) were synthesized and their ability to enhance sodium current through ENaC was studied in A549 cells with the patch clamp technique.