Three-dimensional evaluation of important surgical landmarks of the face during aging.

Background: One surgical objective is creating an aesthetically satisfying outcome. The morbidity increases with age. Standard values for areas of the face, which are frequently surgically treated, are needed for the surgeon.

Gender-dependent impact of aging on facial proportions.

Purpose: Facial proportions in younger people have been evaluated in several studies. However, the number of older people who need orthognathic surgery is growing steadily. The aim of this study was to evaluate facial morphology in Caucasians accounting for age and gender.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Ear Morphology.

Background: For surgical treatment of the face, detailed surgical planning is necessary to avoid later unaesthetic results. Most of the studies in the literature concentrate on the ears' anatomy during childhood and adolescence. Nearly no study evaluates the anatomy of ears of people aged 50 or older.