Mutations in the main antigenic sites of VP7 and VP8* from G3P[8] rotavirus a strains circulating in Brazil may impact immune evasion to rotavirus vaccination.

In the post-rotavirus (RVA) vaccination era, uncommon and zoonotic strains have emerged as causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans, including the equine-like G3P[8] strains. First identified in 2013, this strain has quickly spread worldwide, reaching the position of the most prevalent genotype in many countries, including Brazil. Here, we report full genotype characterization and phylogenetic analysis of two equine-like G3P[8] strains detected in Goiás, a state in the Cerrado biome of the Brazilian Midwestern region, during the year of 2019.

Exploring the orphan immune receptor TREM2 and its non-protein ligands: In silico characterization.

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immunoreceptor that interacts with a wide range of non-protein ligands, and it has been implicated in infectious and non-infectious diseases. However, there is a limited understanding on how this receptor interacts with non-protein ligands and the potential of such information to develop new therapeutic drugs. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the interactions between TREM2 and its non-protein ligands.

Who is who within the universe of TREM-like transcripts (TREML)?

The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM) family of receptors plays a crucial role in the immune response across various species. Particularly, TREM-1 and TREM-2 have been extensively studied, both in terms of their applications and their expression sites and signaling pathways. However, the same is not observed for the other family members collectively known as TREM-like-transcripts (TREML).

Genetic variation of FcγRIIa induces higher uptake of and modulates cytokine production by adherent mononuclear cells .

Introduction: Single nucleotide variations (SNVs) are specific genetic variations that commonly occur in a population and often do not manifest phenotypically. However, depending on their location and the type of nucleotide exchanged, an SNV can alter or inhibit the function of the gene in which it occurs. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor genes have exhibited several polymorphisms, including rs1801274, which is found in the FcgRIIa gene.

The CDR3 region as the major driver of TREM-1 interaction with its ligands, an characterization.

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a pattern recognition receptor heavily investigated in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Because of its role in amplifying inflammation, TREM-1 has been explored as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. Further, as the receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases, therapies aiming at modulating its activity represent a promising strategy to constrain uncontrolled inflammatory or infectious diseases.

Immunoinformatics-guided design of a multi-valent vaccine against Rotavirus and Norovirus (ChRNV22).

Rotavirus (RV) and Norovirus (NV) are the main viral etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (AG), a serious pediatric condition associated with significant death rates and long-term complications. Anti-RV vaccination has been proved efficient in the reduction of severe AG worldwide, however, the available vaccines are all attenuated and have suboptimal efficiencies in developing countries, where AG leads to substantial disease burden. On the other hand, no NV vaccine has been licensed so far.

Clinical and molecular overview of immunotherapeutic approaches for malignant skin melanoma: Past, present and future.

Traditional therapeutic approaches for malignant melanoma, have proved to be limited and/or ineffective, especially with respect to their role in improving patient survival and tumor recurrence. In this regard, immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be a promising therapeutic alternative, boosting antitumor responses through the modulation of cell signaling pathways involved in the effector mechanisms of the immune system, particularly, the so-called "immunological checkpoints". Clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of immunotherapeutic regimens, alone or in combination with other antitumor approaches, have increased dramatically in recent decades, with very encouraging results.

TREM-2: friend or foe in infectious diseases?

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is an immune receptor expressed on immune and non-immune cells, more frequently investigated in neurodegenerative disorders and considered a marker for microglia activation. In infectious diseases, the receptor was initially believed to be an anti-inflammatory molecule, opposing the inflammation triggered by TREM-1. Currently, TREM-2 is associated with different aspects in response to infectious stimuli, including the induction of bacterial phagocytosis and clearance, containment of exacerbated pro-inflammatory responses, induction of M2 differentiation and activation of Th1 lymphocytes, besides of neurological damage after viral infection.

Role of Cytokines, Chemokines and IFN-γ IL-17 Double-Positive CD4 T Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is mediated by self-reactive myelin T and B cells that lead to axonal and myelin damage. The immune response in multiple sclerosis involves the participation of CD4 T cells that produce cytokines and chemokines. This participation is important to find markers for the diagnosis and progression of the disease.

Hemolymph of triatomines presents fungistatic activity against and improves macrophage function through MCP-I/TNF-α increase.

Background: Triatomines are blood-feeding arthropods belonging to the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera; Reduviidae), capable of producing immunomodulatory and water-soluble molecules in their hemolymph, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this work, we evaluated the antifungal and immunomodulatory activity of the hemolymph of (MPH) and (RPH) against .

Methods: We assessed the activity of the hemolymph of both insects on fungal growth by a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay.

An immunoinformatics-based designed multi-epitope candidate vaccine (mpme-VAC/STV-1) against Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Pneumonia is a serious global health problem that accounts for over one million deaths annually. Among the main microorganisms causing pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common ones for which a vaccine is immediately required. In this context, a multi-epitope vaccine against this pathogen could be the best option that can induce effective immune response avoiding any serious adverse reactions.

Antimicrobial-wound healing peptides: Dual-function molecules for the treatment of skin injuries.

Chronic non-healing wounds caused by microbial infections extend the necessity for hospital care and constitute a public health problem and a great financial burden. Classic therapies include a wide range of approaches, from wound debridement to vascular surgery. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a preserved trait of the innate immune response among different animal species, with known effects on the immune system and microorganisms.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin in Experimental Colitis.

The current therapeutic options for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are limited. Even using common anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or biological therapies, many patients become unresponsive to the treatments, immunosuppressed or unable to restrain secondary infections. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties, whose underlying mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood.

AeMOPE-1, a Novel Salivary Peptide From , Selectively Modulates Activation of Murine Macrophages and Ameliorates Experimental Colitis.

The sialotranscriptomes of revealed a transcript overexpressed in female salivary glands that codes a mature 7.8 kDa peptide. The peptide, specific to the genus, has a unique sequence, presents a putative secretory nature and its function is unknown.

Reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics approaches for identifying common therapeutics against and .

Background: and are gram-positive bacterial pathogens and the causative agents of leprosy in humans across the world. The elimination of leprosy cannot be achieved by multidrug therapy alone, and highlights the need for new tools and drugs to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains.

Methods: In this study, our contribution includes the prediction of vaccine targets and new putative drugs against leprosy, using reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics.

TREM-1 isoforms in bacterial infections: to immune modulation and beyond.

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is an innate immunity receptor associated with the amplification of inflammation in sterile and non-sterile inflammatory disorders. Since its first description, the two isoforms of the receptor, membrane and soluble (mTREM-1 and sTREM-1, respectively) have been largely explored in the immunopathogenesis of several bacterial diseases and sepsis. The role of the receptor in these scenarios seems to be at least partly dependent on the source/type of bacteria, host and context.

() Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing Key Pro-inflammatory Cytokines.

Background/aims: Therapies aimed at modulating cytokines have been used to treat inflammatory illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease. On the other hand, patients may become intolerant, refractory, or present with several side effects. () (SPI) is a blue-green microalga with bioactive molecules that have been evaluated to treat inflammatory diseases.

Human NK cells prime inflammatory DC precursors to induce Tc17 differentiation.

Adaptive immune responses are acknowledged to evolve from innate immunity. However, limited information exists regarding whether encounters between innate cells direct the generation of specialized T-cell subsets. We aim to understand how natural killer (NK) cells modulate cell-mediated immunity in humans.

The ethanolic extract of Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc. bark reduces the inflammation through the modulation of cytokines and nitric oxide mediated by the downregulation of NF-κB.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae), popularly known as "capitão do campo", is native from the Brazilian cerrado, which is used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases.

Immune and Metabolic Signatures of COVID-19 Revealed by Transcriptomics Data Reuse.

The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has affected millions of individuals and caused thousands of deaths worldwide. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and mostly unknown. Therefore, identifying the molecular mechanisms that promote progression of the disease is critical to overcome this pandemic.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) as a therapeutic target in infectious and noninfectious disease: a critical review.

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is an innate immune receptor found in the surface of several immune and non-immune cells. Since its first description in 2000, this molecule and its soluble form (sTREM-1) have been implicated in many diseases with infectious and noninfectious origins. As an amplifier of inflammation, the membrane-associated TREM-1 (mTREM-1) isoform induces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases such as sepsis, arthritis, colitis and infections.