Review of human risk factors for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: latest advances and future goals.

Introduction: drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common cause of acute liver injury and can lead to death from acute liver failure or require liver transplantation. Although the total burden of liver injury is high, the frequency of DILI caused by specific agents is often low. As the liver injury is by per definition , the prediction of which patients will develop liver injury from specific drugs is currently a very difficult challenge.

Development of a prognostic model of COVID-19 severity: a population-based cohort study in Iceland.

Background: The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection varies from asymptomatic state to severe respiratory failure and the clinical course is difficult to predict. The aim of the study was to develop a prognostic model to predict the severity of COVID-19 in unvaccinated adults at the time of diagnosis.

Methods: All SARS-CoV-2-positive adults in Iceland were prospectively enrolled into a telehealth service at diagnosis.

Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of hypoxic hepatitis in critically ill patients.

Background: Hypoxic hepatitis (HH) is an important clinical entity in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aims of the study were to assess the etiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of HH in the ICU of a tertiary hospital. Secondary aim was to analyze the effects of concomitant ischemia in other organs than the liver.

Clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 in Iceland: population based cohort study.

Objective: To characterise the symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).

Design: Population based cohort study.

Setting: Iceland.

Liver injury caused by oral anticoagulants: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

Background & Aims: Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare adverse event. DILI caused by direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has been reported, however, data on the risk of DILI are limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of DILI caused by oral anticoagulants (OACs) in a population-based setting.

Ashwagandha-induced liver injury: A case series from Iceland and the US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network.

Background & Aims: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Several dietary supplements containing ashwagandha are marketed in the US and Europe, but only one case of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to ashwagandha has been published. The aim of this case series was to describe the clinical phenotype of suspected ashwagandha-induced liver injury.

A significant proportion of patients with choledocholithiasis have markedly elevated alanine aminotransferase.

To determine the frequency and nature of liver enzyme elevations among patients presenting with choledocholithiasis (CDL). A prospective study identified all patients with serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥500 U/L (normal levels: <70 U/L in men, <45 U/L in women) over 1 year. Additionally, other patients with CDL were identified during the same period retrospectively by diagnostic codes and ERCP procedures, providing data on all CDL patients.

A prospective study on the causes of notably raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

Objective: High levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can be a marker of severe liver disease with variable aetiologies and prognosis. Very few prospective studies have been undertaken on the aetiology and prognosis of patients with high ALT levels. No population-based prospective study has systematically evaluated drug-induced liver injury (DILI) among these patients.

Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with drug-induced liver injury.

Background: Secondary sclerosing cholangitis has clinical features similar to primary sclerosing cholangitis but originates from a known pathological entity. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis has not been investigated in patients with drug-induced liver injury.

Methods: Overall 102 patients diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury were identified and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography images of 25 patients were reviewed.

Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland.

Background & Aims: Little is known about the incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in the general population. We investigated the incidence and the quantitative risk of DILI in a population-based cohort.

Methods: We performed a prospective study and collected data from 96 individuals diagnosed with DILI in Iceland from 2010 through 2011 (54 women; median age, 55 y).