Endoscopic observations as a tool to define underlying pathology in kidney stone formers.

Purpose: Advancements in endoscopy offer the possibility of inspection of intrarenal anatomy and pathology. The aim of the study was to evaluate renal papillary appearance in kidney stone formers and to correlate papillary findings with stone type and patient metabolic data.

Materials And Methods: A consecutive cohort of 46 kidney stone formers undergoing retrograde intrarenal surgery was enrolled.