The relationship between sleep apnea and overactive bladder.

Approximately 4% to 5% of middle-aged men are affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome, which is known to cause urologic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and an increased risk of stroke. The correlation between OSA, erectile dysfunction, and nocturia is well known; a recent study demonstrated the association between overactive bladder and urgency incontinence. This article discusses the current literature and therapeutic options, as well as our own experiences and consequences for affected patients.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with overactive bladder and urgency incontinence in men.

Study Objective: To investigate the incidence of overactive bladder (OAB) and urgency incontinence (UI) in men with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).

Design: Prospective questionnaire study

Setting: Saarland University Hospital

Patients: All male patients who underwent full-night in-laboratory polysomnography between November 2006 and April 2007.

Interventions: Overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire, Short-Form (ICIQ-SF).

Nephrectomy, work bench surgery, and autotransplantation: a case of a solitary left kidney with an extensive centrally located renal cell carcinoma and a tumour thrombus entering the vena cava.

Objectives: In patients with imperative indication, organ preserving kidney tumour surgery is state of the art. We present our management of an extensive centrally located renal cell carcinoma.

Methods: The patient was suffering from a 8x6x6cm centrally located tumour in the solitary left kidney which infiltrated the lower pole of the kidney, the hilum and built a large tumour thrombus entering the vena cava inferior.

Binding of Escherichia coli hemolysin and activation of the target cells is not receptor-dependent.

Production of a single cysteine substitution mutant, S177C, allowed Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) to be radioactively labeled with tritiated N-ethylmaleimide without affecting biological activity. It thus became possible to study the binding characteristics of HlyA as well as of toxin mutants in which one or both acylation sites were deleted. All toxins bound to erythrocytes and granulocytes in a nonsaturable manner.