Characterization and Fitness Cost of Tn, a Novel Integrative and Conjugative Element Conferring Multidrug Resistance in .

A multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of , Hi-228, with phenotypic resistance toward ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin, was isolated in Oslo, Norway. The strain was part of a clonal outbreak (2016-2017) comprising five ST143 strains with identical resistotypes. Hi-228 carries a novel integrative and conjugative element (ICE), Tn, contributing to this remarkable and previously unreported MDR profile.

New Approaches for Weight Loss: Experiments Using Animal Models.

The number of people who are overweight and obese are continuously increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. Coinciding with this is the increased prevalence of health problems such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Bariatric surgery is the only proven long-term treatment of obesity and may induce remission of T2D, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

Steady-state energy balance in animal models of obesity and weight loss.

Objective: We wanted to exam the steady-state energy balance by using high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and mice as models for positive energy balance, and gastric bypassed (GB) rats and gene knockout of muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor (M3KO) mice as models for negative energy balance.

Methods: One hundred and thirty-two rats and mice were used. Energy balance was measured by a comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system.

Vagal Blocking for Obesity Control: a Possible Mechanism-Of-Action.

Background: Recently, the US FDA has approved "vagal blocking therapy or vBLoc® therapy" as a new treatment for obesity. The aim of the present study was to study the mechanism-of-action of "VBLOC" in rat models.

Methods: Rats were implanted with VBLOC, an intra-abdominal electrical device with leads placed around gastric vagal trunks through an abdominal incision and controlled by wireless device.

PYY-Dependent Restoration of Impaired Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes following Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a weight-reduction procedure resulting in rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of pancreatic islet function in this restoration of normoglycemia has not been fully elucidated. Using the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model, we demonstrate that RYGB restores normal glucose regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion and normalizes islet morphology.

Denervation suppresses gastric tumorigenesis.

The nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and has also been postulated to play a role in tumorigenesis. We provide evidence that proper innervation is critical at all stages of gastric tumorigenesis. In three separate mouse models of gastric cancer, surgical or pharmacological denervation of the stomach (bilateral or unilateral truncal vagotomy, or local injection of botulinum toxin type A) markedly reduced tumor incidence and progression, but only in the denervated portion of the stomach.

Mechanistic comparison between gastric bypass vs. duodenal switch with sleeve gastrectomy in rat models.

Background: Both gastric bypass (GB) and duodenal switch with sleeve gastrectomy (DS) have been widely used as bariatric surgeries, and DS appears to be superior to GB. The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms leading to body weight loss by comparing these two procedures in experimental models of rats.

Methods: Animals were subjected to GB, DS or laparotomy (controls), and monitored by an open-circuit indirect calorimeter composed of comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system and adiabatic bomb calorimeter.

Eating behavior and glucagon-like peptide-1-producing cells in interposed ileum and pancreatic islets in rats subjected to ileal interposition associated with sleeve gastrectomy.

Background: Ileal interposition-sleeve gastrectomy (II-SG) has been developed as a metabolic surgery based on the hindgut hypothesis. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis by studying the eating behavior, metabolic changes, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-producing cells in rat models.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to laparotomy, II, SG, or II-SG.

Topical application of acetic acid in cytoreduction of gastric cancer. A technical report using mouse model.

Background And Aim: Application of acetic acid topically to the mucosal or serosal side of the stomach has been well used to create a chronic gastric ulcer model. The aim of the present study was to apply it as a new cytoreductive approach in a mouse model of gastric cancer.

Methods: A total of 43 genetically engineered mice, the so-called (INS-GAS) mice that develop spontaneously gastric cancer at 10-14 months of age, were included.