Separate but not independent: Behavioral pattern separation and statistical learning are differentially affected by aging.

Our brains are capable of discriminating similar inputs (pattern separation) and rapidly generalizing across inputs (statistical learning). Are these two processes dissociable in behavior? Here, we asked whether cognitive aging affects them in a differential or parallel manner. Older and younger adults were tested on their ability to discriminate between similar trisyllabic words and to extract trisyllabic words embedded in a continuous speech stream.

Dentate Gyrus Integrity Is Necessary for Behavioral Pattern Separation But Not Statistical Learning.

Pattern separation, the creation of distinct representations of similar inputs, and statistical learning, the rapid extraction of regularities across multiple inputs, have both been linked to hippocampal processing. It has been proposed that there may be functional differentiation within the hippocampus, such that the trisynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex > dentate gyrus > CA3 > CA1) supports pattern separation, whereas the monosynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex > CA1) supports statistical learning. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the behavioral expression of these two processes in B.

Effect of Extending the Original CROSS Criteria on Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Cancer Patients: A National Multicenter Cohort Analysis.

Background: Extending the original criteria of the Chemoradiotherapy for Oesophageal Cancer followed by Surgery Study (CROSS) in daily practice may increase the treatment outcome of esophageal cancer (EC) patients. This retrospective national cohort study assessed the impact on the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate and surgical outcome.

Patients And Methods: Data from EC patients treated between 2009 and 2017 were collected from the national Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit database.

Development of a Core Outcome Set and Minimum Reporting Set for intervention studies in growth restriction in the NEwbOrN (COSNEON): study protocol for a Delphi study.

Background: Growth restriction in the newborn (GRN) can predispose to severe complications including hypoglycemia, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Different interventions and treatments, such as feeding strategies, for GRN have specific benefits and risks. Comparing results from studies investigating intervention studies in GRN is challenging due to the use of different baseline and study characteristics and differences in reported study outcomes.

Hedgehog Pathway as a Potential Intervention Target in Esophageal Cancer.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. Treatment resistance is a major challenge in successful anti-cancer therapy. Pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) is low, thus requiring therapy optimization.

A non-invasive, quantitative study of broadband spectral responses in human visual cortex.

Currently, non-invasive methods for studying the human brain do not routinely and reliably measure spike-rate-dependent signals, independent of responses such as hemodynamic coupling (fMRI) and subthreshold neuronal synchrony (oscillations and event-related potentials). In contrast, invasive methods-microelectrode recordings and electrocorticography (ECoG)-have recently measured broadband power elevation in field potentials (~50-200 Hz) as a proxy for locally averaged spike rates. Here, we sought to detect and quantify stimulus-related broadband responses using magnetoencephalography (MEG).

A Naturally Derived, Growth Factor-Binding Polysaccharide for Therapeutic Angiogenesis.

We herein report the discovery of a naturally derived carbohydrate with binding affinities for two pro-angiogenic growth factors-fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). This galacturonic acid-containing polysaccharide (EUP3) sequestered endogenous FGF-2 and PDGF-BB in vivo and promoted in situ formation and maturation of new blood vessels. Our findings suggest EUP3 as the first nonglycosaminoglycan, nonanimal-originated carbohydrate molecule that binds two pro-angiogenic growth factors to stimulate angiogenesis.

Properties of pattern and component direction-selective cells in area MT of the macaque.

Neurons in area MT/V5 of the macaque visual cortex encode visual motion. Some cells are selective for the motion of oriented features (component direction-selective, CDS); others respond to the true direction of complex patterns (pattern-direction selective, PDS). There is a continuum of selectivity in MT, with CDS cells at one extreme and PDS cells at the other; we compute a pattern index that captures this variation.