Bone turnover markers, and growth and bone parameters in infants participating in a vitamin D intervention study.

Amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) and carboxy-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) are markers of bone metabolism. We examined the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on these markers and their relationship with growth and bone parameters in 12-month-old infants. In a randomized, double-blinded, vitamin D intervention in infants (VIDI) study, 987 infants received daily vitamin D3 supplementation of 10 μg (group-10) or 30 μg (group-30) from age 2 weeks to 24 months.

Dairy consumption and vitamin D concentration in adolescents with challenge-confirmed cow's milk allergy during infancy.

Background/objectives: Milk is an important source of dietary calcium and, if fortified, vitamin D. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is treated with a milk elimination diet. Although most children become tolerant by age 3 years, some continue dairy avoidance.

Epigenetic signature of very low birth weight in young adult life.

Background: Globally, one in ten babies is born preterm (<37 weeks), and 1-2% preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g). As adults, they are at increased risk for a plethora of health conditions, e.g.

Low-grade inflammation from prenatal period to age 6-8 years in a Vitamin D trial.

Background: Low-grade systemic inflammation measured as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been associated with non-communicable disease risk. We assessed whether prenatal inflammation and early-childhood vitamin D are associated with inflammation until age 6-8.

Methods: We analyzed blood hs-CRP and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] in pregnancy, at birth from umbilical cord blood (UCB), from offspring at ages 1, 2, and 6-8 years in the Vitamin D Intervention in Infants (VIDI) study.

Cardiometabolic health in adults born with very low birth weight-a sibling study.

Background: Preterm survivors have increased risk for impaired cardiometabolic health. We assessed glucose regulation and cardiometabolic biomarkers in adult very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) survivors, using siblings as controls.

Methods: VLBW-participants were matched with term-born, same-sex siblings.

Epigenome-Wide Meta-analysis Reveals Associations Between Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and DNA Methylation in Children and Adolescents of Different Body Sizes.

Objective: Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are associated with cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents, with potential distinct effects in people with increased BMI. DNA methylation (DNAm) may mediate these effects. Thus, we conducted meta-analyses of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) between dietary GI and GL and blood DNAm of children and adolescents.

Variation in the fibroblast growth factor 23 () gene associates with serum FGF23 and bone strength in infants.

The effects of genetic variation in fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are unclear. This study explores the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of with phosphate and vitamin D metabolism and bone strength in early childhood. The study is part of the vitamin D intervention in infant (VIDI) trial (2013-2016), in which healthy term infants born to mothers of Northern European origin received vitamin D supplementation of 10 or 30 μg/day from 2 weeks to 24 months of age (ClinicalTrials.

Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in the First 2 Years of Life on Psychiatric Symptoms at Ages 6 to 8 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Vitamin D is associated with neurodevelopment, but causality, critical windows, and potentials for modification remain unknown.

Objective: To determine the impact of high-dose (1200 IU) vs standard-dose (400 IU) vitamin D3 supplementation during the first 2 years on psychiatric symptoms at ages 6 to 8 years and whether the impact is different in children with lower vs higher maternal vitamin D3 levels; lower vs higher levels were defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) less than 30 ng/mL vs 30 ng/mL or greater.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This study was a long-term follow-up of the double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) Vitamin D Intervention in Infants (VIDI) conducted at a single center in Helsinki, Finland, at 60 degrees north latitude.

Alkaline Phosphatase and Hyperphosphatasemia in Vitamin D Trial in Healthy Infants and Toddlers.

Context: Childhood hyperphosphatasemia is usually transient and may be associated with infections. It remains less well known how hyperphosphatasemia is related to growth and bone mineralization.

Objective: We explored alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations and prevalence of hyperphosphatasemia, and their association with vitamin D, growth, infections, and bone parameters in healthy children.

Effects of a 2-Year Early Childhood Vitamin D3 Intervention on Tooth Enamel and Oral Health at Age 6-7 Years.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of a 30 µg/day versus 10 µg/day vitamin D supplementation, given during the two first years of life, on oral health at the age of six to 7 years.

Methods: In 2013-2016, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial from age 2 weeks to 2 years of daily vitamin D3 supplementation (10 vs. 30 µg), including 975 healthy infants.

Lipocalin-2 is associated with FGF23 in WNT1 and PLS3 osteoporosis.

Background: The pathogenic mechanisms of early-onset osteoporosis caused by and mutations are incompletely understood and diagnostic biomarkers of these disorders are limited. Recently, lipocalin-2 has been recognized as an osteokine involved in bone development and homeostasis. However, the role of lipocalin-2 in WNT1 and PLS3 osteoporosis is unknown.

Collagen X Biomarker (CXM), Linear Growth, and Bone Development in a Vitamin D Intervention Study in Infants.

Collagen X biomarker (CXM) is suggested to be a biomarker of linear growth velocity. However, early childhood data are limited. This study examines the relationship of CXM to the linear growth rate and bone development, including the possible modifying effects of vitamin D supplementation.

Abdominal adipose tissue and liver fat imaging in very low birth weight adults born preterm: birth cohort with sibling-controls.

Preterm birth at very low birth weight (VLBW, < 1500 g) is associated with an accumulation of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors from childhood at least to middle age. Small-scale studies suggest that this could partly be explained by increased visceral or ectopic fat. We performed magnetic resonance imaging on 78 adults born preterm at VLBW in Finland between 1978 and 1990 and 72 term same-sex siblings as controls, with a mean age of 29 years.

Iron status in early childhood is modified by diet, sex and growth: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled vitamin D trial.

Background & Aims: During early childhood the risk of iron deficiency (ID) is high. Serum ferritin serves as a marker of iron status. We explored prevalence of ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and identified determinants of iron status in infants and toddlers.

Prenatal maternal and cord blood vitamin D concentrations and negative affectivity in infancy.

Higher maternal vitamin D concentration during pregnancy is associated with better child mental health. Negative affectivity, an early-emerging temperamental trait, indicates an increased risk of psychopathology. We investigated if maternal early/mid-pregnancy 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and neonatal cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with Negative affectivity in infancy.

Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Neurodevelopment of Healthy Term Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Vitamin D may be important for neurodevelopment. The optimal daily dose of vitamin D for early brain development is not known.

Objectives: To test whether a higher (1200 IU) vs standard (400 IU) dose of vitamin D3 has beneficial effects on neurodevelopment in the first 2 years of life and whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is associated with neurodevelopment.

Phosphate Concentrations and Modifying Factors in Healthy Children From 12 to 24 Months of Age.

Context: Phosphate homeostasis and its modifiers in early childhood are inadequately characterized.

Objective: To determine physiological plasma phosphate concentration and modifying factors in healthy infants at 12 to 24 months of age.

Design: This study included 525 healthy infants (53% girls), who participated in a randomized vitamin D intervention trial and received daily vitamin D3 supplementation of either 10 or 30 μg from age 2 weeks to 24 months.

The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Infancy on Growth During the First 2 Years of Life.

Context: The relationship between maternal and infant vitamin D and early childhood growth remains inadequately understood.

Objective: This work aimed to investigate how maternal and child 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and vitamin D supplementation affect growth during the first 2 years of life.

Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, single-center intervention study was conducted from pregnancy until offspring age 2 years.

Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in 12- and 24-month-old children - Practical aspects and descriptive data.

Background: Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is a useful tool to assess detailed bone characteristics. Its utility in infants is however limited due to lack of reference data and technical challenges. The purpose of this study was to provide data on length- and weight-adjusted pQCT values and to present a quality grading system for healthy children aged 12 and 24 months.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations and modifying factors in children from age 12 to 24 months.

Background And Objectives: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) participates in phosphate, calcium and vitamin D metabolism. In children these interactions and modifying factors are largely unknown.

Participants And Methods: This study evaluates temporal changes and modifiers of FGF23 concentrations from 12 to 24 months, in healthy children, participating in a randomized vitamin D intervention (VIDI).

Genetic variation in GC and CYP2R1 affects 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and skeletal parameters: A genome-wide association study in 24-month-old Finnish children.

Vitamin D is important for normal skeletal homeostasis, especially in growing children. There are no previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies exploring genetic factors that influence vitamin D metabolism in early childhood. We performed a GWA study on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and response to supplementation in 761 healthy term-born Finnish 24-month-old children, who participated in a randomized clinical trial comparing effects of 10 μg and 30 μg of daily vitamin D supplementation from age 2 weeks to 24 months.

Genetic Variation of the Vitamin D Binding Protein Affects Vitamin D Status and Response to Supplementation in Infants.

Context: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vitamin D binding protein encoding the GC (group component) gene affect 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations, but their influence on vitamin D status and response to vitamin D supplementation in infants is unknown.

Objective: To study GC genotype-related differences in 25OHD concentrations and the response to supplementation during a vitamin D intervention study in infants.

Design: In this randomized controlled trial, healthy term infants received vitamin D3 (10 or 30 μg/d) from 2 weeks to 24 months of age.

High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Prevent Allergic Sensitization of Infants.

Objective: To investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation dose on allergic sensitization and allergic diseases in infants, and to evaluate whether vitamin D status in pregnancy and at birth are associated with infant allergy outcomes.

Study Design: Altogether, 975 infants participated in a randomized, controlled trial of daily vitamin D supplementation of 10 μg (400 IU) or 30 μg (1200 IU) from the age of 2 weeks. At 12 months of age, food and aeroallergen IgE antibodies were measured, and the occurrence of allergic diseases and wheezing were evaluated.

Parents' Reports of Preschoolers' Diets: Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire and Dietary Patterns.

The accurate assessment of food consumption is crucial in nutritional studies. Since modern nutrition science has become more interested in diet as a whole, studies validating food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and exploratory dietary patterns are needed. We aimed at examining the relative validity of a 47-item FFQ against three-day food records among three- to six-year-old Finnish children, as well as investigating the consistency of the dietary patterns derived using the principal component analysis (PCA), with food record and FFQ data as inputs.