Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammatory Markers in Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Comorbidities.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops into dementia after several years, and subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are used as intermediary diagnoses of increasing severity. Inflammation is an important part of AD pathology and provides potential novel biomarkers and treatment targets.

Objective: To identify novel potential biomarkers of AD in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and create a molecular pattern of inflammatory factors providing differentiation between AD and SCI.

Sex differences in response to maximal exercise stress test in trained adolescents.

Background: Sex comparisons between girls and boys in response to exercise in trained adolescents are missing and we investigated similarities and differences as a basis for clinical interpretation and guidance.

Methods: A total of 24 adolescent females and 27 adolescent males aged 13-19 years underwent a maximal bicycle exercise stress test with measurement of cardiovascular variables, cardiac output, lung volumes, metabolic factors/lactate concentrations and breath-by-breath monitoring of ventilation, and determination of peak VO(2).

Results: Maximum heart rate was similar in females (191 ± 9 bpm) and males (194 ± 7 bpm), cardiac index at maximum exercise was lower in females (7.