Changes in thyroid function and autoimmunity in older individuals: longitudinal analysis of the Whickham cohort.

Background: Longitudinal studies of thyroid function have demonstrated differing results. It remains unclear whether changes in thyroid function affect the diagnosis of subclinical thyroid dysfunction with ageing.

Methods: Survivors of the Whickham cohort study were evaluated on two occasions between the years 2008-2012 and 2016-2019.

Patient-Reported Experience Measures to Evaluate and Improve the Quality of Care in Nephrology.

Patient experience is considered a pillar of high-quality care, integral to patient-centered care, but despite significant policy focus on patient-reported experience measures (PREMs), little is published regarding their development, use, or impact on clinical practice. In nephrology, PREMs are increasingly used in research to capture and quantify patients' perceptions of their experiences with health care services. It has been shown that a negative patient experience impacts patients' physical and psychological health, and a small but significant proportion of patients across a selection of settings report their experiences of health care as poor or suboptimal.

Clinical research nurse interns: the future research workforce.

To ensure that patient care is continuously improved, it is essential that research becomes an integral aspect of clinical care and the NHS Constitution for England ( Department of Health 2012 ) sets out the patients' right to be involved in research as a treatment option.