The protective effect of educational level varies as a function of the difficulty of the memory task in ageing.

Unlabelled: This study aimed to explore the effects of age and educational level on recall performance and organisational strategies used during recall as a function of the level of memory task difficulty. Younger ( = 55, age range = 20-39 years) and older ( = 45, age range = 65-75 years) adults learned a word list where the words were either already semantically grouped (easier) or presented in pseudo-random order (harder), and then recalled the words. The number of words recalled was calculated, and an index of clustering was computed to assess organisational strategies.

The impact of sleep on adolescent depressed mood, alertness and academic performance.

The present study developed and tested a theoretical model examining the inter-relationships among sleep duration, sleep quality, and circadian chronotype and their effect on alertness, depression, and academic performance. Participants were 385 adolescents aged 13-18 years (M = 15.6, SD = 1.

Estimating adolescent sleep patterns: parent reports versus adolescent self-report surveys, sleep diaries, and actigraphy.

Background: In research and clinical contexts, parent reports are often used to gain information about the sleep patterns of their adolescents; however, the degree of concordance between parent reports and adolescent-derived measures is unclear. The present study compares parent estimates of adolescent sleep patterns with adolescent self-reports from surveys and sleep diaries, together with actigraphy.

Methods: A total of 308 adolescents (59% male) aged 13-17 years completed a school sleep habits survey during class time at school, followed by a 7-day sleep diary and wrist actigraphy.

The sleep patterns and well-being of Australian adolescents.

Aim: Adolescent sleep patterns vary between countries, and these differences influence adolescent functioning and well-being. The present study provides data on the sleep and well-being of Australian adolescents.

Methods: 385 adolescents aged 13-18 years were recruited from 8 South Australian schools spanning the socio-economic spectrum.

A cross-cultural comparison of sleep duration between US And Australian adolescents: the effect of school start time, parent-set bedtimes, and extracurricular load.

Study Objective: To test whether sleep duration on school nights differs between adolescents in Australia and the United States and, if so, whether this difference is explained by cultural differences in school start time, parental involvement in setting bedtimes, and extracurricular commitments.

Participants: Three hundred eighty-five adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.57, SD = 0.

The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures.

Sleepiness and sleep propensity are strongly influenced by our circadian clock as indicated by many circadian rhythms, most commonly by that of core body temperature. Sleep is most conducive in the temperature minimum phase, but is inhibited in a "wake maintenance zone" before the minimum phase, and is disrupted in a zone following that phase. Different types of insomnia symptoms have been associated with abnormalities of the body temperature rhythm.

Treating chronobiological components of chronic insomnia.

Circadian rhythms have a strong effect on the ability to sleep across the 24-h period. Maximum sleepiness occurs at the phase of lower endogenous core body temperature. This period is bracketed by two periods of alertness: a "wake-maintenance zone" occurring 6-10h before the time of core temperature minimum, and a "wake-up zone" occurring 4-7h after the minimum.

Clinical management of delayed sleep phase disorder.

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder is a circadian rhythm disorder that results in a late timed sleep pattern. Individuals have difficulty falling asleep at a conventional hour and difficulty waking in the morning. We discuss the contributing factors and consequences of a delayed sleep phase and describe treatment approaches.

Differential effects of light wavelength in phase advancing the melatonin rhythm.

Shorter wavelength light has been shown to be more effective than longer wavelengths in suppressing nocturnal melatonin and phase delaying the melatonin rhythm. In the present study, different wavelengths of light were evaluated for their capacity to phase advance the saliva melatonin rhythm. Two long wavelengths, 595 nm (amber) and 660 nm (red) and three shorter wavelengths, 470 nm (blue), 497 nm (blue/green), and 525 nm (green) were compared with a no-light control condition.