High honeybee abundances reduce wild bee abundances on flowers in the city of Munich.

The increase in managed honeybees (Apis mellifera) in many European cities has unknown effects on the densities of wild bees through competition. To investigate this, we monitored honeybees and non-honeybees from 01 April to 31 July 2019 and 2020 at 29 species of plants representing diverse taxonomic and floral-functional types in a large urban garden in the city of Munich in which the same plant species were cultivated in both years. No bee hives were present in the focal garden, and all bee hives in the adjacent area were closely monitored by interviewing the relevant bee keepers in both 2019 and 2020.

Allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Allergy and its relationship to chronic rhinosinusitis are important contemporary topics in the practice of otolaryngology. The relationship may go unrecognized. It is important to understand the current knowledge.