Recent Developments in Atomic Layer Deposition of Functional Overlayers in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Over the last decade, research in organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has gathered unprecedented momentum, putting the technology on the brink of full-scale commercialization. A wide range of strategies have been implemented for enhancing the power conversion efficiency of devices and modules, as well as improving stability toward high levels of irradiation, temperature, and humidity. Another key element in the path to commercialization is the scalability of device manufacturing, which requires large-scale deposition of conformal layers without compromising the delicate structure of the perovskite film.

Pediatric chronic hand eczema: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management.

Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is persistent inflammatory dermatitis that may significantly affect the quality of life, with psychosocial effects, impact on school, work, and leisure activities, influence on socioeconomic status, and high health care costs. Pediatric-CHE (P-CHE) has a high prevalence yet has not been extensively studied in children and adolescents. There is minimal published data on P-CHE in North America, and no specific management guidelines.

Modification of SnO Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Rapid development of the device performance of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as a promising photovoltaic technology. Current world-record efficiency of PSCs is based on tin oxide (SnO) electron transport layers (ETLs), which are capable of being processed at low temperatures and possess high carrier mobilities with appropriate energy- band alignment and high optical transmittance. Modification of SnO has been intensely investigated by various approaches to tailor its conductivity, band alignment, defects, morphology, and interface properties.

Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Inorganic Hole Transport Materials.

Although power conversion efficiencies of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are approaching those of single-crystal silicon solar cells, the working device stability due to internal and external factors, such as light, temperature, and moisture, is still a key issue to address. The current world-record efficiency of PSCs is based on organic hole transport materials, which are usually susceptible to degradation from heat and diffusion of dopants. A simple solution would be to replace the generally used organic hole transport layers (HTLs) with a more stable inorganic material.

Creating patient-directed education in pediatric dermatology: A guide for creators.

Current medical literature and practice utilize limited resources to enhance pediatric patients' coping with and understanding of disease. Here, we provide a template for accessing current resources and developing practice-specific written materials focused on the child's experience.

Shelter-Based Integrated Model Is Effective in Scaling Up Hepatitis C Testing and Treatment in Persons Experiencing Homelessness.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence is high among people experiencing homelessness, but barriers to scaling up HCV testing and treatment persist. We aimed to implement onsite HCV testing and education and evaluate the effectiveness of low-barrier linkage to HCV therapy among individuals accessing homeless shelters. HCV rapid testing was performed at four large shelters in San Francisco (SF) and Minneapolis (MN).

Transparent Electrodes with Enhanced Infrared Transmittance for Semitransparent and Four-Terminal Tandem Perovskite Solar Cells.

This report addresses indium oxide doped with titanium and tantulum with high near-infrared transparency to potentially replace the conventional indium tin oxide transparent electrode used in semitransparent perovskite devices and top cells of tandem devices. The high near-infrared transparency of this electrode is possibly explained by the lower carrier concentration, suggesting less defect sites that may sacrifice its optical transparency. Incorporating this transparent electrode into semitransparent perovskite solar cells for both the top and bottom electrodes improved the device performance through possible reduction of interfacial defect sites and modification in energy alignment.

Correction of Artifacts Induced by B Inhomogeneities in Breast MRI Using Reduced-Field-of-View Echo-Planar Imaging and Enhanced Reversed Polarity Gradient Method.

Background: Diffusion-weighted (DW) echo-planar imaging (EPI) is prone to geometric distortions due to B inhomogeneities. Both prospective and retrospective approaches have been developed to decrease and correct such distortions.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of reduced-field-of-view (FOV) acquisition and retrospective distortion correction methods in decreasing distortion artifacts for breast imaging.

Inorganic Materials by Atomic Layer Deposition for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received much attention with their rapid progress during the past decade, coming close to the point of commercialization. Various approaches in the process of PSC development have been explored with the motivation to enhance the solar cell power conversion efficiency-while maintaining good device stability from light, temperature, and moisture-and simultaneously optimizing for scalability. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a powerful tool in depositing pinhole-free conformal thin-films with excellent reproducibility and accurate and simple control of thickness and material properties over a large area at low temperatures, making it a highly desirable tool to fabricate components of highly efficient, stable, and scalable PSCs.

Tunable Electrical Properties of Vanadium Oxide by Hydrogen-Plasma-Treated Atomic Layer Deposition.

In this study, a plasma-modified process was developed to control the electrical properties of atomic layer deposition (ALD)-grown vanadium dioxide (VO), which is potentially useful for applications such as resistive switching devices, bolometers, and plasmonic metamaterials. By inserting a plasma pulse with varying H gas flow into each ALD cycle, the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) temperature of postdeposition-annealed crystalline VO films was adjusted from 63 to 78 °C. Film analyses indicate that the tunability may arise from changes in grain boundaries, morphology, and compositional variation despite hydrogen not remaining in the annealed VO films.

3.88% efficient tin sulfide solar cells using congruent thermal evaporation.

Tin sulfide (SnS), as a promising absorber material in thin-film photovoltaic devices, is described. Here, it is confirmed that SnS evaporates congruently, which provides facile composition control akin to cadmium telluride. A SnS heterojunction solar cell is demons trated, which has a power conversion efficiency of 3.