Neuroretinitis: a comprehensive review on aetiologies, clinical manifestations, and treatment options.

Neuroretinitis connotes a descriptive clinical entity of optic disc oedema in association with macular exudates in a star configuration. Accordingly, it does not indicate a specific aetiology, although cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae is the most common cause. Historically, the recognition of neuroretinitis dates to the early 20 century with the eventual understanding that the optic disc is the primary target of disease with secondary macular involvement.

Optic Atrophy From Retrograde Transsynaptic Axonal Degeneration Following Pediatric Brain Injury.

Background: The patterns of optic atrophy due to retrograde transsynaptic degeneration (RTSD) have not been well characterized in children. This study aimed to characterize optic atrophy in pediatric patients with focal intracerebral lesions.

Methods: A retrospective review of children with optic atrophy and focal intracerebral lesions was conducted.

Optic neuropathy from hypovitaminosis A in a series of children with severe dietary restrictions.

Aim: Hypovitaminosis A is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, especially in developing nations. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble essential micronutrient that serves vital functions in the visual system and in regulating bone resorption. We report on a series of four children with mixed nutritional and compressive optic neuropathy and provide a review of the literature.

Neuro-ophthalmic evaluation and management of pituitary disease.

Neuro-ophthalmic evaluation is a crucial component of the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of pituitary disease and compressive chiasmopathy, and can inform the timing of vision-restoring tumour resection surgery. The most common disease affecting the pituitary with neuro-ophthalmic implications are pituitary adenomas. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations include decreased vision, abnormal colour vision and impaired visual field or diplopia.

Ocular manifestations of COVID-19.

There is an increasing body of knowledge regarding how COVID-19 may be associated with ocular disease of varying severity and duration. This article discusses the literature on the ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19, including appraisal of the current evidence, suggested mechanisms of action, associated comorbidities and risk factors, timing from initial infection to diagnosis and clinical red flags. The current literature primarily comprises case reports and case series which inevitably lack control groups and evidence to support causality.

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Recurrence: Risk Factors and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes.

Purpose: To examine the frequency of recurrences, risk factors, and long-term clinical outcomes in subjects with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: All subjects with acute HZO seen at a single center from 2006 to 2016 were included in the study.

Neuro-ophthalmic complications of modern anti-cancer drugs.

Purpose: Targeted cancer therapies have been responsible for a dramatic shift in treatment strategies for cancer, and the number of drugs, classes, and indications are continually growing. Neuro-ophthalmic complications of these medications are an uncommon but important subset of adverse events which profoundly impact vision. This review aims to collate studies and reports of known neuro-ophthalmic complications of targeted therapies and describe their management.

A review of neuro-ophthalmic sequelae following COVID-19 infection and vaccination.

Background: It has become increasingly clear that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can affect most organs in the human body, including the neurologic and ophthalmic systems. Vaccination campaigns have been developed at rapid pace around the world to protect the population from the fast-mutating virus. This review seeks to summarise current knowledge of the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of both COVID-19 infection and vaccination.

Tonabersat Significantly Reduces Disease Progression in an Experimental Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by chronic neuroinflammation thought to be mediated by the inflammasome pathway. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels contribute to the activation of the inflammasome through the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inflammasome activation signals. The objective of the study was to evaluate if the Cx43 hemichannel blocker, tonabersat, is effective in modulating the inflammatory response and reducing disability in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG EAE) model of MS.

Optical Coherence Tomography in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Inner retinal atrophy has been demonstrated in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the role of contemporary Fourier domain OCT devices in SSD.

Methods: MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo, PYSNDEX, World Health Organization, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception until May 2022.

Targeted magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI) of small changes in the T and spatial properties of normal or near normal appearing white and gray matter in disease of the brain using divided subtracted inversion recovery (dSIR) and divided reverse subtracted inversion recovery (drSIR) sequences.

This review describes targeted magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI) of small changes in the T and the spatial properties of normal or near normal appearing white or gray matter in disease of the brain. It employs divided subtracted inversion recovery (dSIR) and divided reverse subtracted inversion recovery (drSIR) sequences to increase the contrast produced by small changes in T by up to 15 times compared to conventional T-weighted inversion recovery (IR) sequences such as magnetization prepared-rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE). This increase in contrast can be used to reveal disease with only small changes in T in normal appearing white or gray matter that is not apparent on conventional MP-RAGE, T-weighted spin echo (T-wSE) and/or fluid attenuated inversion recovery (T-FLAIR) images.

Optic atrophy in prematurity: pathophysiology and clinical features.

Optic atrophy is an important cause of visual impairment in children, and the aetiological profile has changed over time. Technological advancements led by neuroimaging of the visual pathway and imaging of the optic nerve with optical coherence tomography have accelerated the understanding of this condition. In the new millennium, an increasing prevalence of prematurity as a cause of optic atrophy in children has been highlighted.

Neurovascular dysfunction in glaucoma.

Retinal ganglion cells, the neurons that die in glaucoma, are endowed with a high metabolism requiring optimal provision of oxygen and nutrients to sustain their activity. The timely regulation of blood flow is, therefore, essential to supply firing neurons in active areas with the oxygen and glucose they need for energy. Many glaucoma patients suffer from vascular deficits including reduced blood flow, impaired autoregulation, neurovascular coupling dysfunction, and blood-retina/brain-barrier breakdown.

Patient factors associated with appointment non-attendance at an ophthalmology department in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Aim: Appointment non-attendance is a problem for medical outpatient clinics, which can result in interruption of continuity of care and poor health outcomes for patients. Furthermore, non-attendance creates a significant economic burden to the health sector. This study aimed to identify factors that are associated with appointment non-attendance in a large public ophthalmology clinic in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Visual Outcomes Following Plasma Exchange for Optic Neuritis: An International Multicenter Retrospective Analysis of 395 Optic Neuritis Attacks.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of plasma exchange (PLEX) for optic neuritis (ON).

Methods: We conducted an international multicenter retrospective study evaluating the outcomes of ON following PLEX. Outcomes were compared to raw data from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) using a matched subset.

Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, or concussion), results from direct and indirect trauma to the head (i.e. a closed injury of transmitted forces), with or without loss of consciousness.

Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Challenges.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, is a common injury which affects patients of all demographics. There is a global effort to accurately diagnose and identify patients at highest risk of prolonged symptom burden to facilitate appropriate rehabilitation efforts. Underreporting is common with large numbers not engaging with services, in addition to differences in treatment outcomes according to ethnicity, age, and gender.

Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy After Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) has been reported to occur after cataract surgery. It is not clearly established whether cataract surgery increases the risk of NAION over baseline.

Evidence Acquisition: Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central registers were systematically searched for eligible studies reporting on postcataract surgery NAION (psNAION) within 1 year.

Imaging of the optic nerve: technological advances and future prospects.

Over the past decade, ocular imaging strategies have greatly advanced the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with optic neuropathies. Developments in optic nerve imaging have specifically improved the care of patients with papilloedema and idiopathic intracranial hypertension, inflammatory optic neuropathies, and compressive optic neuropathies. For example, optic nerve imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now widely used as an outcome measure in clinical trials of neurological disorders (eg, demyelinating diseases), and OCT findings could be informative of disease progression in patients with various neurodegenerative disorders (eg, Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease).

Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review.

Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood.