Socioeconomic status moderates associations between hippocampal development and cognition in preterms.

Objective: The hippocampus plays a critical role in cognitive networks. The anterior hippocampus is vulnerable to early-life stress and socioeconomic status (SES) with alterations persisting beyond childhood. How SES modifies the relationship between early hippocampal development and cognition remains poorly understood.

Imaging approach to pediatric calvarial bulges.

Palpable calvarial lesions in children may require multi-modality imaging for adequate characterization due to non-specific clinical features. Causative lesions range from benign incidental lesions to highly aggressive pathologies. While tissue sampling may be required for some lesions, others have a typical imaging appearance, and an informed imaging approach facilitates diagnosis.

Imaging Findings and MRI Patterns in a Cohort of 18q Chromosomal Abnormalities.

Background And Purpose: The abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 18 (18q) constitute a complex spectrum. We aimed to systematically analyze their MR imaging features. We hypothesized that there would be variable but recognizable white matter and structural patterns in this cohort.

Change in Volumes and Location of Preterm White Matter Injury over a Period of 15 Years.

Objective: To evaluate whether white matter injury (WMI) volumes and spatial distribution, which are important predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, have changed over a period of 15 years.

Study Design: Five hundred and twenty-eight infants born <32 weeks' gestational age from 2 sequential prospective cohorts (cohort 1: 2006 through 2012; cohort 2: 2014 through 2019) underwent early-life (median 32.7 weeks postmenstrual age) and/or term-equivalent-age MRI (median 40.

Size and Location of Preterm Brain Injury and Associations With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Background And Objectives: We examined associations of white matter injury (WMI) and periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) volume and location with 18-month neurodevelopment in very preterm infants.

Methods: A total of 254 infants born <32 weeks' gestational age were prospectively recruited across 3 tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Infants underwent early-life (median 33.

Pain Exposure and Brain Connectivity in Preterm Infants.

Importance: Early-life exposure to painful procedures has been associated with altered brain maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, although sex-specific differences are largely unknown.

Objective: To examine sex-specific associations among early-life pain exposure, alterations in neonatal structural connectivity, and 18-month neurodevelopment in preterm infants.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This prospective cohort study recruited 193 very preterm infants from April 1, 2015, to April 1, 2019, across 2 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in Toronto, Canada.

Pediatric orbital lesions: neoplastic extraocular soft-tissue lesions.

Pediatric neoplastic extraocular soft-tissue lesions in the orbit are uncommon. Early multimodality imaging work-up and recognition of the key imaging features of these lesions allow narrowing of the differential diagnoses in order to direct timely management. In this paper, the authors present a multimodality approach to the imaging work-up of these lesions and highlight the use of ocular ultrasound as a first imaging modality where appropriate.

Pediatric orbital lesions: bony and traumatic lesions.

Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular lesions, extraocular soft-tissue pathologies (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), and bony and traumatic lesions. In this paper, we discuss the key imaging features and differential diagnoses of bony and traumatic lesions of the pediatric orbit and globe, emphasizing the role of CT and MRI as the primary imaging modalities. In addition, we highlight the adjunctive role of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of intraocular foreign bodies and discuss the primary role of sonography in the diagnosis of traumatic retinal detachment.

Nasal monobloc osteotomy for correction of late nasal and orbital asymmetry of unicoronal synostosis: A morphometric and outcomes study.

Background: Craniofacial asymmetry associated with unicoronal synostosis (UCS) may persist into the teenage years despite surgery in infancy. This study evaluated outcomes following a nasal monobloc procedure by mobilizing a united nasomaxillary and bilateral medial orbital segment of bone (nasal monobloc) to perform corrective translational and rotational movement for secondary correction of residual nasal-orbital asymmetry associated with UCS.

Methods: A retrospective review of all UCS patients treated with nasal monobloc at our institution was performed.

Major Surgery, Brain Injury, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants.

Objectives: We determined whether (1) major surgery is associated with an increased risk for brain injury and adverse neurodevelopment and (2) brain injury modifies associations between major surgery and neurodevelopment in very preterm infants.

Methods: Prospectively enrolled infants across 3 tertiary neonatal intensive care units underwent early-life and/or term-equivalent age MRI to detect moderate-severe brain injury. Eighteen-month neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition.

Child Neurology: Progressive Cerebellar Atrophy and Retinal Dystrophy: Clues to an Ultrarare -Related Neurometabolic Diagnosis.

Pathogenic biallelic variants in , which encodes the enzyme mitochondrial aconitase, are associated with the very rare diagnosis of -related infantile cerebellar retinal degeneration (OMIM 614559). We describe the diagnostic odyssey of a 4-year-old female patient with profound global developmental delays, microcephaly, severe hypotonia, retinal dystrophy, seizures, and progressive cerebellar atrophy. Whole-exome sequencing revealed 2 variants in ; c.

Child Neurology: Cortical Malformations in Preterm Infants: Case From a Prospective Cohort.

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are a rare group of disorders with heterogeneous clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic features. MCD consist of disruptions in the development of the cerebral cortex secondary to genetic, metabolic, infectious, or vascular etiologies. MCD are typically classified by stage of disrupted cortical development as secondary to abnormal: (1) neuronal proliferation or apoptosis, (2) neuronal migration, or (3) postmigrational cortical development.

Conventional MR Imaging in Trauma Management in Pediatrics.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children across the world. The aim of initial brain trauma management of pediatric patients is to diagnose the extent of TBI and to determine if immediate neurosurgical intervention is required. A noncontrast computed tomography is the recommended diagnostic imaging choice for all patients with acute moderate to severe TBI.

Magnetization transfer saturation reveals subclinical optic nerve injury in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.

Background: The presence of subclinical optic nerve (ON) injury in youth living with pediatric-onset MS has not been fully elucidated. Magnetization transfer saturation (MTsat) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameter sensitive to myelin density and microstructural integrity, which can be applied to the study of the ON.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of subclinical ON abnormalities in pediatric-onset MS by means of magnetization transfer saturation and evaluate their association with other structural and functional parameters of visual pathway integrity.

Association of Pediatric Buccal Epigenetic Age Acceleration With Adverse Neonatal Brain Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Among Children Born Very Preterm With a Neonatal Infection.

Importance: Very preterm neonates (24-32 weeks' gestation) remain at a higher risk of morbidity and neurodevelopmental adversity throughout their lifespan. Because the extent of prematurity alone does not fully explain the risk of adverse neonatal brain growth or neurodevelopmental outcomes, there is a need for neonatal biomarkers to help estimate these risks in this population.

Objectives: To characterize the pediatric buccal epigenetic (PedBE) clock-a recently developed tool to measure biological aging-among very preterm neonates and to assess its association with the extent of prematurity, neonatal comorbidities, neonatal brain growth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of age.