Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

Background: People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in frontal, temporal, parietal and striato-thalamic networks. It is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are distinctive or shared. This comparative meta-analysis aimed to identify the most consistent disorder-differentiating and shared structural and functional abnormalities.

Altered white matter connectivity in young people exposed to childhood abuse: a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and tractography study.

Background: Childhood abuse is associated with structural brain abnormalities. Few studies have investigated white matter tract abnormalities in medication-naive, drug-free individuals who experienced childhood abuse. We examined the association between childhood abuse and abnormalities in white matter tracts in that population, controlling for psychiatric comorbidities.

Altered Functional Connectivity of Fronto-Cingulo-Striatal Circuits during Error Monitoring in Adolescents with a History of Childhood Abuse.

Childhood maltreatment is associated with error hypersensitivity. We examined the effect of childhood abuse and abuse-by-gene () interaction on functional brain connectivity during error processing in medication/drug-free adolescents. Functional connectivity was compared, using generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, between 22 age- and gender-matched medication-naïve and substance abuse-free adolescents exposed to severe childhood abuse and 27 healthy controls, while they performed an individually adjusted tracking stop-signal task, designed to elicit 50% inhibition failures.

Reduced functional connectivity of fronto-parietal sustained attention networks in severe childhood abuse.

Childhood maltreatment is associated with attention deficits. We examined the effect of childhood abuse and abuse-by-gene (5-HTTLPR, MAOA, FKBP5) interaction on functional brain connectivity during sustained attention in medication/drug-free adolescents. Functional connectivity was compared, using generalised psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, between 21 age-and gender-matched adolescents exposed to severe childhood abuse and 27 healthy controls, while they performed a parametrically modulated vigilance task requiring target detection with a progressively increasing load of sustained attention.

Neurofunctional Abnormalities during Sustained Attention in Severe Childhood Abuse.

Childhood maltreatment is associated with adverse affective and cognitive consequences including impaired emotion processing, inhibition and attention. However, the majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in childhood maltreatment have examined emotion processing, while very few studies have tested the neurofunctional substrates of cognitive functions and none of attention. This study investigated the association between severe childhood abuse and fMRI brain activation during a parametric sustained attention task with a progressively increasing load of sustained attention in 21 medication-naïve, drug-free young people with a history of childhood abuse controlling for psychiatric comorbidities by including 19 psychiatric controls matched for psychiatric diagnoses, and 27 healthy controls.

Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Comparative Meta-analysis.

Importance: Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share impaired inhibitory control. However, it is unknown whether impairments are mediated by shared or disorder-specific neurostructural and neurofunctional abnormalities.

Objective: To establish shared and disorder-specific structural, functional, and overlapping multimodal abnormalities in these 2 disorders through a voxel-based meta-analytic comparison of whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of inhibition in patients with ADHD and OCD.

Neural Correlates of Error Processing in Young People With a History of Severe Childhood Abuse: An fMRI Study.

Objective: Childhood maltreatment is associated with various cognitive deficits, including inhibitory deficits and hypersensitivity to negative feedback. The authors used a stop-signal task to investigate the association between severe childhood abuse and inhibitory and error processing brain activation in medication-naive, drug-free young people with and without severe childhood abuse, controlling for psychiatric comorbidities by including a psychiatric control group.

Method: Using functional MRI, the authors compared brain activation in 22 age- and gender-matched young people exposed to severe childhood abuse, 17 psychiatric comparison subjects matched for psychiatric diagnoses with the abused group, and 27 healthy comparison subjects during an individually adjusted tracking stop-signal task designed to elicit 50% inhibition failures.

Predictive neurofunctional markers of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on pattern classification of temporal processing.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently diagnosed on the basis of subjective measures, despite evidence for multi-systemic structural and neurofunctional deficits. A consistently observed neurofunctional deficit is in fine-temporal discrimination (TD). The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to examine the feasibility of distinguishing patients with ADHD from controls using multivariate pattern recognition analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of TD.

Pattern classification of response inhibition in ADHD: toward the development of neurobiological markers for ADHD.

The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is based on subjective measures despite evidence for multisystemic structural and functional deficits. ADHD patients have consistent neurofunctional deficits in motor response inhibition. The aim of this study was to apply pattern classification to task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of inhibition, to accurately predict the diagnostic status of ADHD.

Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects.

CONTEXT Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) revealed fronto-striato-parietal dysfunctions during tasks of inhibition and attention. However, it is unclear whether task-dissociated dysfunctions exist and to what extent they may be influenced by age and by long-term stimulant medication use. OBJECTIVE To conduct a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in ADHD during inhibition and attention tasks, exploring age and long-term stimulant medication use effects.

Meta-analysis of fMRI studies of timing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in timing functions with, however, inconclusive findings on the underlying neurofunctional deficits. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of 11 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of timing in ADHD, comprising 150 patients and 145 healthy controls. Peak coordinates were extracted from significant case-control activation differences as well as demographic, clinical, and methodological variables.

Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review.

Childhood maltreatment is a stressor that can lead to the development of behavior problems and affect brain structure and function. This review summarizes the current evidence for the effects of childhood maltreatment on behavior, cognition and the brain in adults and children. Neuropsychological studies suggest an association between child abuse and deficits in IQ, memory, working memory, attention, response inhibition and emotion discrimination.

Different areas of human non-primary auditory cortex are activated by sounds with spatial and nonspatial properties.

In humans, neuroimaging studies have identified the planum temporale to be particularly responsive to both spatial and nonspatial attributes of sound. However, a functional segregation of the planum temporale along these acoustic dimensions has not been firmly established. We evaluated this scheme in a factorial design using modulated sounds that generated a percept of motion (spatial) or frequency modulation (nonspatial).

Amplitude and frequency-modulated stimuli activate common regions of human auditory cortex.

Hall et al. (Hall et al., 2002, Cerebral Cortex 12:140-149) recently showed that pulsed frequency-modulated tones generate considerably higher activation than their unmodulated counterparts in non-primary auditory regions immediately posterior and lateral to Heschl's gyrus (HG).

The sound-level-dependent growth in the extent of fMRI activation in Heschl's gyrus is different for low- and high-frequency tones.

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) was used to investigate whether the growth in activation of the human auditory cortex, with increasing sound level, is discernibly different for high- and low-frequency tones. Ten volunteers were scanned whilst listening to sequences of low-frequency (0.30-kHz) tones at sound levels between 42 and 96 dB sound pressure level (SPL), and 10 whilst listening to high-frequency (4.

Relationships between human auditory cortical structure and function.

The human auditory cortex comprises multiple areas, largely distributed across the supratemporal plane, but the precise number and configuration of auditory areas and their functional significance have not yet been clearly established. In this paper, we discuss recent research concerning architectonic and functional organisation within the human auditory cortex, as well as architectonic and neurophysiological studies in non-human species, which can provide a broad conceptual framework for interpreting functional specialisation in humans. We review the pattern in human auditory cortex of the functional responses to various acoustic cues, such as frequency, pitch, sound level, temporal variation, motion and spatial location, and we discuss their correspondence to what is known about the organisation of the auditory cortex in other primates.

Heschl's gyrus is more sensitive to tone level than non-primary auditory cortex.

Previous neuroimaging studies generally demonstrate a growth in the cortical response with an increase in sound level. However, the details of the shape and topographic location of such growth remain largely unknown. One limiting methodological factor has been the relatively sparse sampling of sound intensities.