PCBP2-dependent secretion of miRNAs via extracellular vesicles contributes to the EGFR-driven angiogenesis.

The EGFR-driven angiogenesis is crucial in solid tumors, particularly through the delivery of biomolecules via extracellular vesicles (EVs), but the mechanism by which EGFR regulates EV cargo is still unclear. First, cell co-culture and murine tumor models were employed to examine the impact of EGFR overexpression on the pro-angiogenic properties of small EVs (sEVs) derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Small RNA sequencing was then used to compare the miRNA profiles of OSCC-sEVs with and without EGFR overexpression, followed by functional enrichment and motif analyses of the differentially expressed miRNAs.

RPL36-mediated selective loading of miR-4432 into extracellular vesicles contributes to perivascular cell dysfunction in venous malformations.

Background: Venous malformations (VMs), predominantly arising from activating mutations of tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2 within endothelial cells (ECs), are characterized by dilated and tortuous vessels with a paucity of perivascular cells. The mechanisms of interaction between mutant ECs and perivascular cells remain largely elusive.

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from VM ECs, especially their carried miRNAs and their roles in the crosstalk between ECs and perivascular cells in VM pathogenesis.

Extracellular vesicle-packaged PD-L1 impedes macrophage-mediated antibacterial immunity in preexisting malignancy.

Malignancies can compromise systemic innate immunity, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we find that tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs; TEVs) deliver PD-L1 to host macrophages, thereby impeding antibacterial immunity. Mice implanted with Rab27a-knockdown tumors are more resistant to bacterial infection than wild-type controls.

Microfluidic Device-Based Detection of PD-L1-Positive Small Extracellular Vesicles and Its Application for Tumor Monitoring.

Liquid biopsy is of great significance in tumor early diagnosis and treatment stratification. PD-L1-positive small extracellular vesicles (PD-L1 sEVs) are closely related to tumor growth and immunotherapy response, which are considered valuable liquid biopsy biomarkers. In contrast to conventional detection, detection has the ability to improve the detection efficiency and enable continuous or real-time dynamic monitoring.

Leader-follower behavioural coordination and neural synchronization during intergroup conflict.

Leaders can launch hostile attacks on out-groups and organize in-group defence. Whether groups settle the conflict in their favour depends, however, on whether followers align with leader's initiatives. Yet how leader and followers coordinate during intergroup conflict remains unknown.

Anti-Tumor Strategies by Harnessing the Phagocytosis of Macrophages.

Macrophages are essential for the human body in both physiological and pathological conditions, engulfing undesirable substances and participating in several processes, such as organism growth, immune regulation, and maintenance of homeostasis. Macrophages play an important role in anti-bacterial and anti-tumoral responses. Aberrance in the phagocytosis of macrophages may lead to the development of several diseases, including tumors.

Tumor Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles in Modulating Phenotypes and Immune Functions of Macrophages: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications.

Tumor tissues consist of tumor cells and tumor stroma, which is structured by non-tumor cells and the extracellular matrix. Macrophages are the predominant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Based on the intimate interaction between macrophages and tumor cells, macrophages are closely involved in tumor initiation and progression, playing a key role in tumor formation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune escape.

Targeted inhibition of tumor-derived exosomes as a novel therapeutic option for cancer.

Mounting evidence indicates that tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) play critical roles in tumor development and progression by regulating components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Moreover, due to their delivery of critical molecules that react to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, TDEs also contribute to tumor drug resistance and impede the effective response of antitumor immunotherapy, thereby leading to poor clinical outcomes. There is a pressing need for the inhibition or removal of TDEs to facilitate the treatment and prognosis of cancer patients.

Oxytocin and the Punitive Hub-Dynamic Spread of Cooperation in Human Social Networks.

Human society operates on large-scale cooperation. However, individual differences in cooperativeness and incentives to free ride on others' cooperation make large-scale cooperation fragile and can lead to reduced social welfare. Thus, how individual cooperation spreads through human social networks remains puzzling from ecological, evolutionary, and societal perspectives.

Within-group synchronization in the prefrontal cortex associates with intergroup conflict.

Individuals immersed in groups sometimes lose their individuality, take risks they would normally avoid and approach outsiders with unprovoked hostility. In this study, we identified within-group neural synchronization in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) as a candidate mechanism underlying intergroup hostility. We organized 546 individuals into 91 three-versus-three-person intergroup competitions, induced in-group bonding or no-bonding control manipulation and measured neural activity and within-group synchronization using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

Oxytocin promotes coordinated out-group attack during intergroup conflict in humans.

Unlabelled: Intergroup conflict contributes to human discrimination and violence, but persists because individuals make costly contributions to their group's fighting capacity. Yet, how group members effectively coordinate their contributions during intergroup conflict remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the role of oxytocin for (the coordination of) contributions to group attack or defense in multi-round, real-time feedback intergroup contests.

Simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid based on nitrogen doped porous carbon nanopolyhedra.

Nitrogen doped porous carbon nanopolyhedra (N-PCNPs) were prepared from direct carbonization of ZIF-8 nanopolyhedra. The N-PCNPs showed uniform morphology, narrow pore-size distribution centered at 3.7 nm, high surface area (2221 m g) and good electrochemical properties and were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode to electrochemically detect ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA).

Electrochemical evaluation of total antioxidant capacities in fruit juice based on the guanine/graphene nanoribbon/glassy carbon electrode.

Based on electro-immobilization of guanine on graphene nanoribbon (GNR) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode, a new electrochemical DNA biosensor was developed for the evaluation of total antioxidant capacities (TAC) in fruit juices. The biosensor relies on the guanine damage that is induced by hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated by Fenton-type reaction. Ascorbic acid (AA), which has the ability to scavenge the ·OH and to protect the guanine immobilized on the electrode surface, was used as the standard antioxidant to evaluate the TAC in fruit juice.

Sensitive electrochemical detection of hydroxyl radical with biobarcode amplification.

By using biobarcode nanoparticles, we have successfully constructed a DNA-based biosensor for amplified electrochemical detection of hydroxyl radical (·OH). Thiolated DNA1 (SH-DNA1) was firstly immobilized on the planar gold (Au) electrode. ·OH generated from Fenton reaction could induce serious oxidative damage of the DNA layer adsorbed on the electrode surface, which was monitored by an intercalating probe, methylene blue (MB).