Risk perception and reappraisal during the COVID-19 pandemic in southeast Alaska: Self-identified determinants of risk and protective health behaviors.

Social and cultural context shapes how communities perceive health, well-being, and risk. Risk reappraisal can occur over time as a product of new information and improved understanding. We investigate risk perception and protective behaviors in Lingít Aaní (Southeast Alaska) during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Climate change-informed dietary modeling in Pacific cod: Experimentally-derived effects of temperature and dietary quality on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope trophic discrimination factors.

Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for dietary modeling and trophic ecology research. A crucial piece of information for isotopic dietary modeling is the accurate estimation of trophic discrimination factors (TDFs), or the isotopic offset between a consumer's tissue and its diet. In order to parameterize stable isotope dietary models for future climate scenarios, we investigated the effect of water temperature and dietary protein and lipid content on TDFs in juvenile Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus).

Selective Blood Cell Hitchhiking in Whole Blood with Ionic Liquid-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles to Redirect Biodistribution After Intravenous Injection.

Less than 5% of intravenously-injected nanoparticles (NPs) reach destined sites in the body due to opsonization and immune-based clearance in vascular circulation. By hitchhiking onto specific blood components post-injection, NPs can selectively target tissue sites for unprecedentedly high drug delivery rates. Choline carboxylate ionic liquids (ILs) are biocompatible liquid salts <100X composed of bulky asymmetric cations and anions.

Development of ionic liquid-coated PLGA nanoparticles for applications in intravenous drug delivery.

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising platform for medical applications in drug delivery. However, their use as drug carriers is limited by biological (e.g.

Risk perception, adaptation, and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Alaska Natives.

Indigenous communities worldwide are at higher risk of negative pandemic outcomes, and communities Indigenous to the Arctic are disproportionately affected compared to national majorities. Despite this, their experiences have scarcely been investigated qualitatively and from their own perspectives. We collected and analyzed 22 structured interviews in three Southeast Alaska island communities (Sitka, Hoonah, and Kake) to learn about their perceptions of and experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Long-Term Ecological Impacts from Oil Spills: Comparison of , , and Deepwater Horizon.

The long-term ecological impacts of the oil spill (EVOS) are compared to two extensively studied and more recent large spills: Deepwater Horizon (DWH) and the oil spill (HSOS). Each of the three spills differed in magnitude and duration of oil released, environmental conditions, ecological communities, response and clean up measures, and ecological recovery. The EVOS began on March 24, 1989, and released 40.

Return of warm conditions in the southeastern Bering Sea: Physics to fluorescence.

From 2007 to 2013, the southeastern Bering Sea was dominated by extensive sea ice and below-average ocean temperatures. In 2014 there was a shift to reduced sea ice on the southern shelf and above-average ocean temperatures. These conditions continued in 2015 and 2016.

Return of warm conditions in the southeastern Bering Sea: Phytoplankton - Fish.

In 2014, the Bering Sea shifted back to warmer ocean temperatures (+2 oC above average), bringing concern for the potential for a new warm stanza and broad biological and ecological cascading effects. In 2015 and 2016 dedicated surveys were executed to study the progression of ocean heating and ecosystem response. We describe ecosystem response to multiple, consecutive years of ocean warming and offer perspective on the broader impacts.

Integrating lipid storage into general representations of fish energetics.

Fish, even of the same species, can exhibit substantial variation in energy density (energy per unit wet weight). Most of this variation is due to differences in the amount of storage lipids. In addition to their importance as energy reserves for reproduction and for survival during unfavourable conditions, the accumulation of lipids represents a large energetic flux for many species, so figuring out how this energy flux is integrated with other major energy fluxes (growth, reproduction) is critical for any general theory of organismal energetics.

Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in Parkinsonian rats following skilled aerobic exercise.

Exercise modality and complexity play a key role in determining neurorehabilitative outcome in Parkinson's disease (PD). Exercise training (ET) that incorporates both motor skill training and aerobic exercise has been proposed to synergistically improve cognitive and automatic components of motor control in PD patients. Here we introduced such a skilled aerobic ET paradigm in a rat model of dopaminergic deafferentation.

Exercise training reinstates cortico-cortical sensorimotor functional connectivity following striatal lesioning: development and application of a subregional-level analytic toolbox for perfusion autoradiographs of the rat brain.

Current rodent connectome projects are revealing brain structural connectivity with unprecedented resolution and completeness. How subregional structural connectivity relates to subregional functional interactions is an emerging research topic. We describe a method for standardized, mesoscopic-level data sampling from autoradiographic coronal sections of the rat brain, and for correlation-based analysis and intuitive display of cortico-cortical functional connectivity (FC) on a flattened cortical map.

Exercise alters resting-state functional connectivity of motor circuits in parkinsonian rats.

Few studies have examined changes in functional connectivity after long-term aerobic exercise. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of forced running wheel exercise on the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of motor circuits of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dorsal striatum. Our results showed substantial similarity between lesion-induced changes in rsFC in the rats and alterations in rsFC reported in Parkinson's disease subjects, including disconnection of the dorsolateral striatum.

Spatial match-mismatch between juvenile fish and prey provides a mechanism for recruitment variability across contrasting climate conditions in the eastern Bering Sea.

Understanding mechanisms behind variability in early life survival of marine fishes through modeling efforts can improve predictive capabilities for recruitment success under changing climate conditions. Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) support the largest single-species commercial fishery in the United States and represent an ecologically important component of the Bering Sea ecosystem. Variability in walleye pollock growth and survival is structured in part by climate-driven bottom-up control of zooplankton composition.

Occidiofungin's chemical stability and in vitro potency against Candida species.

Occidiofungin is a cyclic glyco-lipopeptide produced by Burkholderia contaminans. MICs against Candida species were between 0.5 and 2.

Effects of Environmental Temperature on the Dynamics of Ichthyophoniasis in Juvenile Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii).

The effects of temperature and infection by Ichthyophonus were examined in juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) maintained under simulated overwinter fasting conditions. In addition to defining parameters for a herring bioenergetics model (discussed in Vollenweider et al. this issue), these experiments provided new insights into factors influencing the infectivity and virulence of the parasite Ichthyophonus.

Energetic Cost of Ichthyophonus Infection in Juvenile Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii).

The energetic costs of fasting and Ichthyophonus infection were measured in juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) in a lab setting at three temperatures. Infected herring incurred significant energetic costs, the magnitude of which depended on fish condition at the time of infection (fat versus lean). Herring that were fed continually and were in relatively good condition at the time of infection (fat) never stored lipid despite ad libitum feeding.

MMP-13 selective alpha-sulfone hydroxamates: identification of selective P1' amides.

Continuing our interest in designing compounds preferentially potent and selective for MMP-13, we report on a series of hydroxamic acids with a flexible amide P1' substituents. We identify an amide which spares both MMP-1 and -14, and shows >500 fold selectivity for MMP-13 versus MMP-2 and -8.

Seasonal cycles in whole-body proximate composition and energy content of forage fish vary with water depth.

Quantifying the nutritional quality of forage fish is integral for understanding upper trophic levels as forage fish are the dominant prey for top predator fish, marine mammals, and sea birds. Many existing reports documenting body composition of forage species are not comparable due to confounding effects. This study systematically assessed the variability in proximate composition and energy content of 16 forage species in southeastern Alaska (57.

Ruptured yolk sacs and visceral fungi in emergent pink salmon alevins: histopathology and relation to marine survival.

Marine survival of anadromous salmon species is highly variable, and causes of this variability are often unknown. In the 1990s, cultured pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha alevins from 2 different regions in Alaska, USA, had years with increased postemergent mortality that could not be attributed to viruses, bacteria, or parasites. In both regions, lifetime marine survival of the most severely affected fish groups was as low as 1.

The use of ultrasound to detect small-for-gestational-age infants in patients with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin on maternal serum screening.

We evaluated serial sonography for the antenatal detection of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants in pregnancies with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels on midtrimester triple-marker screen. A retrospective cohort study was performed at Saddleback Memorial Medical Center where serial ultrasounds from 26 weeks to delivery are generally recommended for patients with hCG levels >2.0 Multiple of the Median (MoM).

Parasites of forage fishes in the vicinity of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) habitat in Alaska.

Fish serve as intermediate hosts for a number of larval parasites that have the potential of maturing in marine mammals such as Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). We examined the prevalence of parasites from 229 fish collected between March and July 2002 near two islands used by Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska and island habitats in the Aleutian Islands. Sea lion populations have remained steady in Southeast Alaska but have been declining over the last 30 yr in the Aleutian Islands.

Chronic exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in natal habitats leads to decreased equilibrium size, growth, and stability of pink salmon populations.

The immediate and delayed effects of embryonic exposure to low levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been shown to reduce survival to maturity by 50% in exposed pink salmon populations. This suggests that chronically exposed populations could be extirpated over relatively few generations, but the effect of density dependence on extirpation rate is unknown. This study examines the interaction of PAH effects and randomly varying density dependence on a simulated population.

Design of potent inhibitors of human beta-secretase. Part 2.

We describe an optimized series of acyclic hydroxyethylamine transition state isosteres of beta-secretase that incorporates a variety of P(2) side chains that yield potent inhibitors with excellent cellular activity. A 2.2A crystal structure of compound 13 is shown.