Doppler detection triggers instantaneous escape behavior in scanning bats.

Animals must instantaneously escape from predators for survival, which requires quick detection of approaching threats. Although the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of looming objects have been extensively studied in the visual system, little is known about their auditory counterparts. Echolocating bats use their auditory senses to perceive not only the soundscape, but also the physical environment through active sensing.

A glimpse into the foraging and movement behaviour of ; a complementary study by acoustic recording and GPS tracking.

Species of open-space bats that are relatively large, such as bats from the genus , are considered as high-risk species for collisions with wind turbines (WTs). However, important information on their behaviour and movement ecology, such as the locations and altitudes at which they forage, is still fragmentary, while crucial for their conservation in light of the increasing threat posed by progressing WT construction. We adopted two different methods of microphone array recordings and GPS-tracking capturing data from different spatio-temporal scales in order to gain a complementary understanding of the echolocation and movement ecology of , the largest open-space bat in Japan.

Analysis of echolocation behavior of bats in "echo space" using acoustic simulation.

Background: Echolocating bats use echo information to perceive space, control their behavior, and adjust flight navigation strategies in various environments. However, the echolocation behavior of bats, including echo information, has not been thoroughly investigated as it is technically difficult to measure all the echoes that reach the bats during flight, even with the conventional telemetry microphones currently in use. Therefore, we attempted to reproduce the echoes received at the location of bats during flight by combining acoustic simulation and behavioral experiments with acoustic measurements.

Discriminating predation attempt outcomes during natural foraging using the post-buzz pause in the Japanese large-footed bat, Myotis macrodactylus.

Bats emit a series of echolocation calls with an increasing repetition rate (the terminal buzz) when attempting to capture prey. This is often used as an acoustic indicator of prey-capture attempts. However, because it is directly linked to foraging efficiency, predation success is a more useful measure than predation attempts in ecological research.

Dietary analysis reveals differences in the prey use of two sympatric bat species.

One mechanism for morphologically similar and sympatric species to avoid competition and facilitate coexistence is to feed on different prey items within different microhabitats. In the current study, we investigated and compared the diet of the two most common and similar-sized bat species in Japan- (Ognev, 1913) and (Ognev, 1912)-to gain more knowledge about the degree of overlap in their diet and their foraging behavior. We found that both bat species consumed prey from the orders of Lepidoptera and Diptera most frequently, while the proportion of Dipterans was higher in the diet of .

Modulation of acoustic navigation behaviour by spatial learning in the echolocating bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon.

Using echolocation, bats receive acoustic information on their surroundings, which is assumed to help them sophisticatedly navigate complex environments. In this study, to understand spatial learning and acoustic sensing in bats, we investigated how flight and echolocation control changed in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon as they learnt about their surroundings in an obstacle course that they flew through repeatedly. In these experiments, two testing environments (acoustically permeable and acoustically reflective) were prepared using chains and acrylic boards as obstacles to evaluate the interactive effects of spatial learning and flight environments.

The effect of local land use and loss of forests on bats and nocturnal insects.

Land-use intensification at local and landscape level poses a serious threat to biodiversity and affects species interactions and ecosystem function. It is thus important to understand how interrelated taxa respond to land-use intensification and to consider the importance of different spatial scales. We investigated whether and how local land-use intensity and landscape features affect the predator-prey interaction of bats and insects.

The Importance of Landscape Elements for Bat Activity and Species Richness in Agricultural Areas.

Landscape heterogeneity is regarded as a key factor for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in production landscapes. We investigated whether grassland sites at close vicinity to forested areas are more frequently used by bats. Considering that bats are important consumers of herbivorous insects, including agricultural pest, this is important for sustainable land management.

[Extension of the gingival zone with grafts of hard palate mucosa in the treatment of deep periodontal pathology].

In 28 patients aged 25 to 54 years (mean 34.5 years) with the diagnosis of deep parodontopathy the gingival zone was extended in the mandible from one to the cotrolateral canine tooth using grafts of hard palate mucosa. In the initial and in the control examinations the width of the attached gingiva, the depth of the vestibule, the depth of the gingival pouches and the denudation of roots were measured.

[Influence of intraoral douches over the parodontium state and leucocytes activity in patients treated in the sanatorium of Swieradow Zdroj].

Using the following indices: gingival--GI, of gingivorrhoea--GBI, of parodontium--PI and of dental deposit--DI and the measure of the gingival pockets' depth and pocket fluid clinical estimation has been performed in 33 men with parodontium inflammation before and after the set 15 balneological procedures. Leucocytes and other morphotic elements in the pockets have been estimated on Styrophlex straps. Examinations of the peripheral blood have comprised NBT spontaneous test and stimulated by concanavalin, phagocytosis and chemotaxis.