One-Year Comparative Effectiveness of Upadacitinib vs Tofacitinib for Ulcerative Colitis: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Introduction: The comparative effectiveness of upadacitinib and tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis (UC) is poorly understood.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we compared steroid-free clinical remission (SFCR) and endoscopic response/remission at 52 weeks among adults initiating upadacitinib or tofacitinib for UC.

Results: A total of 155 patients initiated upadacitinib (n = 81; 30% prior tofacitinib exposure) or tofacitinib (n = 74; 0% prior upadacitinib exposure).

Modeling root system growth around obstacles.

State-of-the-Art models of Root System Architecture (RSA) do not allow simulating root growth around rigid obstacles. Yet, the presence of obstacles can be highly disruptive to the root system. We grew wheat seedlings in sealed petri dishes without obstacle and in custom 3D-printed rhizoboxes containing obstacles.