The Experience of New Graduate Registered Nurses as Managers of Pain.

Background: Beginning their post-licensure clinical practice can be a challenging time for new registered nurses. Pain management is considered an essential responsibility for nurses, requiring pain management that is prompt, safe and effective. Research is needed to examine the experiences of new registered nurses as they adjust to their new role using what they have already learned about pain and pain management.

Utilization of Functional Exercises to Build Regional Emergency Preparedness among Rural Health Organizations in the US.

Rural communities face barriers to disaster preparedness and considerable risk of disasters. Emergency preparedness among rural communities has improved with funding from federal programs and implementation of a National Incident Management System. The objective of this project was to design and implement disaster exercises to test decision making by rural response partners to improve regional planning, collaboration, and readiness.

Implementing an "always practice" to redefine skin care management.

With a nosocomial pressure ulcer rate higher than national benchmarks, leaders convened a quality improvement team to address the issue. The authors discuss the implementation of a new skin "always practice" initiative across the continuum of care and its outcomes.

Trafficking of cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 complex into Golgi and induction of toxicity depend on actin cytoskeleton.

Intestinal epithelial lipid rafts contain ganglioside GM1 that is the receptor for cholera toxin (CT). The ganglioside binds CT at the plasma membrane (PM) and carries the toxin through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, a portion of the toxin unfolds and translocates to the cytosol to activate adenylyl cyclase.

Gangliosides that associate with lipid rafts mediate transport of cholera and related toxins from the plasma membrane to endoplasmic reticulm.

Cholera toxin (CT) travels from the plasma membrane of intestinal cells to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where a portion of the A-subunit, the A1 chain, crosses the membrane into the cytosol to cause disease. A related toxin, LTIIb, binds to intestinal cells but does not cause toxicity. Here, we show that the B-subunit of CT serves as a carrier for the A-subunit to the ER where disassembly occurs.