High occurrence of rhinitis symptoms in hairdressing apprentices.

Background: Little is known about the occurrence of respiratory symptoms among hairdressing apprentices during their training. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether hairdressing apprentices are at increased risk of rhinitis and asthma symptoms when compared with other young adults from the general population.

Methods: A questionnaire was completed by 504 hairdressing apprentices and 1400 control participants from the general population with a similar age, gender, and geographic distribution.

Glove use among hairdressers: difficulties in the correct use of gloves among hairdressers and the effect of education.

Background: Hand eczema is frequent among Danish hairdressers, and they are advised to use gloves as protection. However, studies indicate that a significant proportion use gloves inappropriately.

Objectives: To determine whether hairdressers and apprentices use protective gloves in the correct way, and to determine whether a demonstration of correct use could cause an improvement.

Occupational skin diseases in hairdressing apprentices - has anything changed?

Background: Hairdressers are at risk for occupational skin diseases. Since 2008, an educational programme has been conducted in Danish hairdressing schools to prevent occupational skin diseases. Its effect is unknown.

Asthma and respiratory symptoms among hairdressers in Denmark: results from a register based questionnaire study.

Background: Hairdressers are at risk of developing occupational respiratory disorders due to persulfates and other hairdressing chemicals.

Methods: A register based questionnaire study comprising 7,840 graduates from hairdressing vocational schools was conducted. The postal questionnaire concerned self-reported asthma, airway symptoms, occupation, smoking, and atopic dermatitis.

Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdressers: an analysis of patch test data from the Danish contact dermatitis group, 2002-2011.

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis among hairdressers is frequent, owing to daily exposure to irritants and allergens.

Objectives: To identify sensitization to the most common allergens associated with the occupation of hairdressing.

Methods: Patch test results of 399 hairdressers and 1995 matched controls with contact dermatitis, registered by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group between January 2002 and December 2011, were analysed.

Chemical intolerance among hairdressers in Denmark.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and the severity of fragrance-related symptoms among hairdressers in Denmark compared with the Danish general population. Further, to characterize former hairdressers who are severely chemically intolerant to fragranced products in relation to sex, age and health- and work-related reasons for leaving the hairdressing profession.

Methods: The study population consisted of all hairdressers who graduated from the public vocational schools in Denmark during 1985 and 2007 (n = 7840) and a random sample of individuals from the Danish general population (n = 6000).

Contact allergy to common ingredients in hair dyes.

Background: p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is the primary patch test screening agent for hair dye contact allergy, and approximately 100 different hair dye chemicals are allowed.

Objectives: To examine whether PPD is an optimal screening agent for diagnosing hair dye allergy or whether other clinically important sensitizers exist.

Methods: Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine consecutive patients in 12 dermatology clinics were patch tested with five hair dyes available from patch test suppliers.

Occupational eczema and asthma in a hairdresser caused by hair-bleaching products.

Occupational allergic contact eczema and asthma caused by bleaching agents is seen in hairdressers. Bleaching agents contain persulfate salts, which are known to induce immediate reactions such as rhinitis, asthma, contact urticaria, and anaphylaxis. The immunologic mechanism is not, however, fully understood.

A quantification of occupational skin exposures and the use of protective gloves among hairdressers in Denmark.

Background: Occupational hand eczema is common in hairdressers, owing to excessive exposure to wet work and hairdressing chemicals.

Objectives: To quantify occupational skin exposure and the use of protective gloves among hairdressers in Denmark.

Methods: A register-based study was conducted comprising all graduates from hairdressing vocational schools from 1985 to 2007 (n = 7840).

Self-testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes--scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry-led screening programme.

The cosmetic industry producing hair dyes has, for many years, recommended that their consumers perform 'a hair dye allergy self-test' or similar prior to hair dyeing, to identify individuals who are likely to react upon subsequent hair dyeing. This review offers important information on the requirements for correct validation of screening tests, and concludes that, in its present form, the hair dye self-test has severe limitations: (i) it is not a screening test but a diagnostic test; (ii) it has not been validated according to basic criteria defined by scientists; (iii) it has been evaluated in the wrong population group; (iv) skin reactions have been read by dermatologists and not by the targeted group (consumers and hairdressers); (v) hair dyes contain strong and extreme sensitizers that are left on the skin in high concentrations, potentially resulting in active sensitization; and (vi) recommendations and instructions on how to perform the hair dye self-test vary greatly even among products from the same company, again suggesting that the basis for safe use of the test has not been determined. If the use of a hair dye self-test to predict contact sensitization becomes widespread, there is severe risk that a tool has been marketed that may cause morbidity in European consumers.

Prevention of hand eczema among Danish hairdressing apprentices: an intervention study.

Objectives: To investigate whether an evidence-based intervention could reduce the incidence of hand eczema in a cohort of Danish hairdressing apprentices during their training, as hairdressing apprentices are known to have a high risk of developing hand eczema.

Methods: This study was a clinically controlled, prospective intervention study. Within 2 weeks of starting their training, 502 hairdressing apprentices were enrolled in the study on occupational hand eczema.

Do hairdressers in Denmark have their hand eczema reported as an occupational disease? Results from a register-based questionnaire study.

Background: Occupational hand eczema is common in hairdressers, owing to wet work and chemicals.

Objectives: To estimate whether hairdressers in Denmark have their hand eczema reported as an occupational disease and to clarify the reasons for not reporting.

Methods: A register-based study was performed, comprising trained hairdressers (n = 7840), using a self-administered postal questionnaire including questions on hand eczema and it being reported as an occupational disease.

Hand eczema in hairdressers: a Danish register-based study of the prevalence of hand eczema and its career consequences.

Background: Occupational hand eczema is common in hairdressers, owing to wet work and hairdressing chemicals.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of hand eczema and its career consequences among hairdressers in Denmark.

Methods: A register-based study was conducted, comprising all graduates from hairdressing vocational schools from 1985 to 2007 (n = 7840).

Validation of self-reporting of hand eczema among Danish hairdressing apprentices.

Background: Hairdressing apprentices have a high incidence of hand eczema. Most studies use self-reported hand eczema as a cost-effective method to estimate the prevalence of hand eczema. No validation studies on self-reported hand eczema among hairdressing apprentices exist.

Exposures and reactions to allergens among hairdressing apprentices and matched controls.

Background: Early and extensive exposures to chemical substances such as are found in hair dyes, perfumes and nickel are known risk factors for allergic reactions. Hairdressing apprentices belong to a high-risk group, as they are exposed both occupationally and personally.

Objectives: To estimate the degree of exposure and adverse skin reactions to chemical substances in a cohort of hairdressing apprentices, at the start of their education, as compared with a matched sample from the general population.

Healthy worker effect in hairdressing apprentices.

Background: Hairdressers and hairdressing apprentices have a high incidence of occupational hand eczema, owing to excessive wet work and exposure to chemical substances. Hairdressing apprentices, in particular, seem to be at high risk of developing hand eczema. Previous hand eczema and atopic dermatitis are known risk factors for the development of hand eczema in wet work occupations.

Personal use of hair dyes and temporary black tattoos in Copenhagen hairdressers.

Background: Hairdressers are occupationally and personally exposed to hair dye substances and adverse reactions from the skin are well known. Currently, little is known about personal exposure to hair dye ingredients and temporary black tattoos.

Objectives: To investigate hairdressers' professional and personal risk exposures and to compare the frequency of temporary tattoos among hairdressers and subjects from the general population.

Nickel allergy in patch-tested female hairdressers and assessment of nickel release from hairdressers' scissors and crochet hooks.

Background: Hand eczema as well as nickel contact allergy is prevalent among hairdressers. Recently, two female hairdressers were diagnosed with nickel contact allergy-related hand eczema following prolonged skin contact with scissors and crochet hooks used during work.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of hairdressers' scissors and crochet hooks that released an excessive amount of nickel and to determine the prevalence of nickel allergy among patch-tested female hairdressers.

Allergy to hair dye.

Its incidence is rising, as more and younger people dye their hair

Unconsumed precursors and couplers after formation of oxidative hair dyes.

Contact allergy to hair dye ingredients, especially precursors and couplers, is a well-known entity among consumers having hair colouring done at home or at a hairdresser. The aim of the present investigation was to estimate consumer exposure to some selected precursors (p-phenylenediamine, toluene-2,5-diamine) and couplers (3-aminophenol, 4-aminophenol, resorcinol) of oxidative hair dyes during and after hair dyeing. Concentrations of unconsumed precursors and couplers in 8 hair dye formulations for non-professional use were investigated, under the conditions reflecting hair dyeing.

Patch test dose-response study of p-phenylenediamine: thresholds and anatomical regional differences.

The elicitation response in allergic contact dermatitis for the hair dye substance p-phenylenediamine (PPD) is dose dependent, but threshold concentrations have not previously been investigated. 15 PPD-sensitive patients participated in a serial dilution 48-hr patch test with PPD using 8 concentrations of PPD ranging from 1 to 10 000 on the upper back. Petrolatum was applied as control.

Severe allergic hair dye reactions in 8 children.

Serious adverse skin reactions to permanent hair dyes and temporary black tattoos have been reported. As temporary tattoos have become fashionable among adolescents, the risk profile for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) sensitization of the population has changed simultaneously with an increasing use of hair dyes in this age group. This investigation reports PPD sensitization in children with regard to cause of sensitization, clinical presentation and consequences.