Mechanisms underlying the production of carapace vibrations and associated waterborne sounds in the American lobster, Homarus americanus.

American lobsters produce carapace vibrations, which also lead to waterborne acoustic signals, by simultaneously contracting the antagonistic remotor and promotor muscles located at the base of the second antenna. These vibrations have a mean frequency of 183.1 Hz (range 87-261 Hz), range in duration from 68 to 1720 ms (mean 277.