What Is Going on with Visual Attention in Reading and Dyslexia? A Critical Review of Recent Studies.

This critical review examined current issues to do with the role of visual attention in reading. To do this, we searched for and reviewed 18 recent articles, including all that were found after 2019 and used a Latin alphabet. Inspection of these articles showed that the Visual Attention Span task was run a number of times in well-controlled studies and was typically a small but significant predictor of reading ability, even after potential covariation with phonological effects were accounted for.

The distribution of spatial attention changes with task demands during goal-directed reaching.

Goal-directed movements are commonly used to allow humans to interact with their environment. When making a goal-directed movement in a natural environment, there are many competing stimuli. It is therefore important to understand how making a goal-directed movement could be impacted by the need to divide attention between the movement and competing stimuli.

Potential clinical utility of partial body weight support on treadmill walking time in persons with intermittent claudication: a single case report.

Intermittent claudication can seriously limit an individual's walking capacity. Walking programs are known to improve this limitation but could be limited by a person's ability to carry his or her own full body weight to perform the walking. We theorized that decreasing body weight, through mechanical unloading, might allow longer pain-free walking, thus potentially accelerating exercise training.

Initial cytoplasmic and phagosomal consequences of human neutrophil exposure to Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Microorganisms are recognized by specific phagocyte surface receptors. Liganded receptors then signal a series of events leading to phagocytosis and destruction of the organism by oxidative, lytic, and associated processes. Some organisms, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), Cryptococcus neoformans (Cf), and others, evade such destruction, surviving and sometimes multiplying within the phagosome to later cause disease.

Sequential chemotactic and phagocytic activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) chemotax to a foreign entity. When the chemoattractants' origins are reached, specific receptors bind to the invader's surface, initiating phagocytosis, phagosome formation, and fusion with granule membranes, generating the bactericidal oxidative burst, and releasing lytic enzymes, specific peptides, and proteins. We explored the initial signaling involved in these functions by observing naïve, unprimed PMN in suspension using fluorescent indicators of cytoplasmic signals (Delta[Ca(2+)](i) and DeltapH(i)) and of bactericidal entities (oxidative species and elastase) exposed to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and/or multivalent immune complexes (IC).

Predictive validity of neuropsychiatric subgroups on nursing home placement and survival in patients with Alzheimer disease.

Objective: The aim of the study was to conceptualize neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease as distinct symptom profiles with differential disease outcomes. Two outcomes of interest in the study were nursing home placement and survival.

Method: Cluster analysis was used to categorize 122 patients with Alzheimer disease based on their neuropsychiatric symptoms as assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.

Simultaneous measurements of cytoplasmic Ca2+ responses and intracellular pH in neutrophils of localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) patients.

In view of the reports that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) exhibit hyper-responsiveness to stimulation, it has been suggested that such abnormalities could lead to PMN-mediated tissue damage during inflammation. To determine whether these abnormalities include signal transduction, we compared cytoplasmic calcium concentration (Delta[Ca2+](i)) and cytoplasmic pH (DeltapH(i)) changes, early stimulus responses to chemotactic agents, of LAP versus control (C)-PMN and explored whether these could be modulated by sensitizing cytokines or calcium channel-blocking agents. PMN responses of LAP patients were compared with age- and gender-matched controls.

Immune complex stimulation of human neutrophils involves a novel Ca2+/H+ exchanger that participates in the regulation of cytoplasmic pH: flow cytometric analysis of Ca2+/pH responses by subpopulations.

The activation of human phagocytic leukocytes by immune complexes (IC) or opsonized microbes via their Fc and complement receptors has been well-described. The mechanisms involved in this process are complex and depend on the receptors involved. The biochemical events that lead to the destruction of invading organisms in turn display varying degrees of interdependence, but the controlling elements that lead to the ultimate killing of ingested organisms within phagosomes by lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen intermediates are still not completely understood.