MicroRNA Expression Profiling Predicts Nodal Status and Disease Recurrence in Patients Treated with Curative Intent for Colorectal Cancer.

Background: Approximately one-third of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients will suffer recurrence. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in gene expression. We aimed to correlate miRNA expression with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in CRC.

The double agents in liquid biopsy: promoter and informant biomarkers of early metastases in breast cancer.

Breast cancer continues to be a major global problem with significant mortality associated with advanced stage and metastases at clinical presentation. However, several findings suggest that metastasis is indeed an early occurrence. The standard diagnostic techniques such as invasive core needle biopsy, serological protein marker assays, and non-invasive radiological imaging do not provide information about the presence and molecular profile of small fractions of early metastatic tumor cells which are prematurely dispersed in the circulatory system.

MicroRNAs in Molecular Classification and Pathogenesis of Breast Tumors.

The current clinical practice of breast tumor classification relies on the routine immunohistochemistry-based expression analysis of hormone receptors, which is inadequate in addressing breast tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. MicroRNA expression profiling in tumor tissue and in the circulation is an efficient alternative to intrinsic molecular subtyping that enables precise molecular classification of breast tumor variants, the prediction of tumor progression, risk stratification and also identifies critical regulators of the tumor microenvironment. This review integrates data from protein, gene and miRNA expression studies to elaborate on a unique miRNA-based 10-subtype taxonomy, which we propose as the current gold standard to allow appropriate classification and separation of breast cancer into a targetable strategy for therapy.

Regulating Immunogenicity and Tolerogenicity of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells through Modulation of Cell Surface Glycosylation by Dexamethasone Treatment.

Dendritic cellular therapies and dendritic cell vaccines show promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, the prolongation of graft survival in transplantation, and in educating the immune system to fight cancers. Cell surface glycosylation plays a crucial role in the cell-cell interaction, uptake of antigens, migration, and homing of DCs. Glycosylation is known to change with environment and the functional state of DCs.

Rapid screening for specific glycosylation and pathogen interactions on a 78 species avian egg white glycoprotein microarray.

There is an urgent need for discovery of novel antimicrobials and carbohydrate-based anti-adhesive strategies are desirable as they may not promote resistance. Discovery of novel anti-adhesive molecules from natural product libraries will require the use of a high throughput screening platform. Avian egg white (EW) provides nutrition for the embryo and protects against infection, with glycosylation responsible for binding certain pathogens.

Novel myelin penta- and hexa-acetyl-galactosyl-ceramides: structural characterization and immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid.

Fast migrating cerebrosides (FMC) are derivatives of galactosylceramide (GalCer). The structures of the most hydrophobic FMC-5, FMC-6, and FMC-7 were determined by electrospray ionization linear ion-trap mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy complementing previous NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine-GalCer derivatives with galactose O-acetyl modifications. FMC-5 and FMC-6 are 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-GalCer with nonhydroxy and hydroxy-N-fatty-acids, while FMC-7 has an additional O-acetylation of the 2-hydroxy-fatty acid.

Lipopolysaccharide diversity evolving in Helicobacter pylori communities through genetic modifications in fucosyltransferases.

Helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes the gastric mucosa of half the human population. It is one of the most genetically diverse bacterial organisms and subvariants are continuously emerging within an H. pylori population.

HorB (HP0127) is a gastric epithelial cell adhesin.

Background: The Helicobacter pylori protein HorB (encoded by HP0127) is a member of a paralogous family that includes the adhesins BabA, AlpA, AlpB, and HopZ, which contribute to adhesion to gastric epithelial cells. Of the verified H. pylori porins, the HorB sequence is most similar to that of HopE, but the function of HorB is unknown.

The structure of the lipid anchor of Campylobacter jejuni polysaccharide.

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Campylobacter jejuni produces extracellular polysaccharides that have been characterized structurally and shown to be independent of lipopolysaccharides. Furthermore, it has been suggested that these C.

An enzymatic ruler modulates Lewis antigen glycosylation of Helicobacter pylori LPS during persistent infection.

Helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes about half the human population and contributes to the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. This organism has evolved means to structurally alter its surface characteristics to evade innate and adaptive immune responses. H.

Variations in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide to evade the innate immune component surfactant protein D.

Helicobacter pylori is a common and persistent human pathogen of the gastric mucosa. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a component of innate immunity, is expressed in the human gastric mucosa and is capable of aggregating H. pylori.

Antibodies induced by ganglioside-mimicking Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides recognise epitopes at the nodes of Ranvier.

Molecular mimicry of gangliosides by Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) in the induction of anti-ganglioside antibodies has been hypothesised to contribute to GBS development. Rabbits were immunised with ganglioside-mimicking C. jejuni LOSs and anti-LOS responses were analysed using passive haemagglutination, and anti-ganglioside responses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography with immunostaining.

Lewis epitopes on outer membrane vesicles of relevance to Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis.

Background: Helicobacter pylori extrudes protein- and lipopolysaccharide-enriched outer membrane vesicles from its cell surface which have been postulated to act to deliver virulence factors to the host. Lewis antigen expression by lipopolysaccharide of H. pylori cells has been implicated in a number of pathogenic roles.

Inhibition of Clostridium difficile strains by intestinal Lactobacillus species.

Indigenous intestinal microflora (including lactobacilli) has an important role in protection against Clostridium difficile infection. To assess in vitro interaction between lactobacilli and C. difficile, antagonistic activity of 50 intestinal Lactobacillus spp.

Two antioxidative lactobacilli strains as promising probiotics.

Two antioxidative strains tentatively identified as Lactobacillus fermentum, E-3 and E-18, were isolated from intestinal microflora of a healthy child. Survival time of these strains in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), like hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, was significantly increased compared with a non-antioxidative strain, and also was quite similar to a highly ROS resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium. E-3 and E-8 contain a remarkable level of glutathione, express Mn-SOD, which is important for the prevention of lipid peroxidation, and secrete hydrogen peroxide.

Characterisation and differentiation of lactobacilli by lectin typing.

Lactobacillus isolates from healthy Estonian and Swedish children were characterised by a lectin typing technique; 56 isolates from six species (L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, L.