Developmental changes in the variability of tongue and lip movements during speech from childhood to adulthood: an EMA study.

This study investigated the developmental variability of lip and tongue movement in 48 children and adults. Motion of the tongue-tip, tongue-body and lower lip was recorded using electromagnetic articulography during productions of sentences containing /t/, /s/, /l/, /k/ and /p/. Four groups of speakers participated in the study: (1) aged 6-7 years; (2) 8-11 years; (3) 12-17 years; and (4) adults.

Temporal features of articulation from childhood to adolescence: an electropalatographic investigation.

This study was designed to investigate the development of articulatory timing from mid-childhood to late adolescence. Productions of sentences containing /t/, /l/, /s/, and /k/ were produced by 48 children and adults (aged 6-38 years) and captured using the Reading Electropalatography3 (EPG3) system. Mean duration of the sentences and the approach, closure/stable constriction, and release phases of consonant articulation were calculated.

Electropalatographic assessment of tongue-to-palate contact patterns and variability in children, adolescents, and adults.

Purpose: To investigate the developmental time course of tongue-to-palate contact patterns during speech from childhood to adulthood using electropalatography (EPG) and a comprehensive profile of data analysis.

Method: Tongue-to-palate contacts were recorded during productions of /t/, /l/, /s/, and /k/ in 48 children, adolescents and adults (aged 6-38 years) using the Reading Electropalatograph system.

Results: A protracted course of development for lingual control was indicated, with significant changes occurring until age 11 years; the adolescent period was in turn characterized by continual refinement of articulatory control.

Physiologic development of tongue-jaw coordination from childhood to adulthood.

Purpose: This investigation aimed to examine the development of tongue-jaw coordination during speech from childhood to adolescence.

Method: Electromagnetic articulography was used to track tongue and jaw motion in 48 children and adults (aged 6-38 years) during productions of /t/ and /k/ embedded in sentences.

Results: The coordinative organization of the tongue and jaw exhibited changes until the age of 8-11 years and continued to undergo refinement into late adolescence.