Advanced MicroRNA delivery for lung inflammatory therapy: surfactant protein A controls cellular internalisation and degradation of extracellular vesicles.

Introduction: Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the first line of defence against pathogens that initiate an inflammatory response in the lungs and exhibit a strong affinity for surfactant protein A (SP-A). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising drug delivery platform due to their minimal cytotoxicity. However, precise targeting of specific cell types and the rapid lysosomal degradation of EVs within recipient cells remain persistent challenges.

Harmonising cellular conversations: decoding the vital roles of extracellular vesicles in respiratory system intercellular communications.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various cells play crucial roles in intercellular communication within the respiratory system. This review explores the historical context and significance of research into extracellular vesicles. Categorised into exosomes (sized 30-150 nm), microvesicles (sized 50-1000 nm) and apoptotic bodies (sized 500-2000nm), based on their generation mechanisms, extracellular vesicles carry diverse cargoes of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

Emerging Roles of Circular RNA in Macrophage Activation and Inflammatory Lung Responses.

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA that forms a covalently closed continuous loop, unlike linear RNA. The expression of circRNAs in mammals is often conserved across species and shows tissue and cell specificity. Some circRNA serve as gene regulators.

Protocol to isolate and characterize pulmonary-specific extracellular vesicles in mice.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles classified based on their size and surface markers, which can be specific to various cell origins. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of pulmonary-specific EVs in mice. We describe steps for differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and commercially available polyethylene glycol(PEG)-based precipitation, employing pulmonary-specific EV-bound chemicals and antibodies.

Altered circular RNA expressions in extracellular vesicles from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids in mice after bacterial infections.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of transcripts that often are generated by back-splicing that covalently connects the 3'end of the exon to the 5'end. CircRNAs are more resistant to nuclease and more stable than their linear counterparts. One of the well-recognized roles of circRNAs is the miRNA sponging effects that potentially lead to the regulation of downstream proteins.

The mechanism underlying correlation of particulate matter-induced ferroptosis with inflammasome activation and iron accumulation in macrophages.

Particulate matter (PM) is a global environmental hazard, which affects human health through free radical production, cell death induction, and immune responses. PM activates inflammasomes leading to excessive inflammatory responses and induces ferroptosis, a type of cell death. Despite ongoing research on the correlation among PM-induced ferroptosis, immune response, and inflammasomes, the underlying mechanism of this relationship has not been elucidated.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Idebenone Attenuate LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Diseases by Suppressing NF-κB Activation.

Inflammation is a natural protective process through which the immune system responds to injury, infection, or irritation. However, hyperinflammation or long-term inflammatory responses can cause various inflammatory diseases. Although idebenone was initially developed for the treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia, it is currently used to treat various diseases.

Caveolin-1 regulates OMV-induced macrophage pro-inflammatory activation and multiple Toll-like receptors.

Macrophages (MФ), the primary cell of the innate immune system, serves as the first line of defense. During bacterial infection, Gram-negative (G-) bacteria release nanosized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), facilitating the crosstalk between the microbe and the host. The underlying mechanisms by which OMVs induced pro-inflammatory (M1) activation are still unknown.

Particulate matter induces ferroptosis by accumulating iron and dysregulating the antioxidant system.

Particulate matter is an air pollutant composed of various components, and has adverse effects on the human body. Particulate matter is known to induce cell death by generating an imbalance in the antioxidant system; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of the size and composition of particulate matter on small intestine cells.

Specific upregulation of extracellular miR-6238 in particulate matter-induced acute lung injury and its immunomodulation.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life-threatening diseases characterized by a severe inflammatory response and the destruction of alveolar epithelium and endothelium. ALI/ARDS is caused by pathogens and toxic environmental stimuli, such as particulate matter (PM). However, the general symptoms of ALI/ARDS are similar, and determining the cause of lung injury is often challenging.

Extracellular vesicles in respiratory disease.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles secreted by nearly all cell types and play a critical role in cell-to-cell crosstalk. EVs can be categorized based on their size, surface markers, or the cell type from which they originate. EVs carry "cargo," including but not limited to, RNA, DNA, proteins, and small signaling molecules.

Direct Detection of Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs Using a Single-Step RT-qPCR Assay.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological carriers, and EV-associated miRNAs (EV-miRNAs) are considered as a novel biomarker in multiple diseases. Currently, the column-based purification method is used to purify miRNAs from EVs. However, this method of purification is complex, time-consuming, and expensive.

Microvesicle-Derived miRNAs Regulate Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation in the Lung Following Ozone Exposure.

Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant that causes lung damage and altered functioning. Evidence suggests that proinflammatory macrophages contribute to ozone toxicity. Herein, we analyzed the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNA (miRNA) cargo in ozone-induced macrophage activation.

Microstructured Surfaces for Reducing Chances of Fomite Transmission via Virus-Containing Respiratory Droplets.

Evaporation-induced particle aggregation in drying droplets is of significant importance in the prevention of pathogen transfer due to the possibility of indirect fomite transmission of the infectious virus particles. In this study, particle aggregation was directionally controlled using contact line dynamics (pinned or slipping) and geometrical gradients on microstructured surfaces by the systematic investigation of the evaporation process on sessile droplets and sprayed microdroplets laden with virus-simulant nanoparticles. Using this mechanism, we designed robust particle capture surfaces by significantly inhibiting the contact transfer of particles from fomite surfaces.

Extracellular Vesicle-Associated miRNAs as a Biomarker for Lung Cancer in Liquid Biopsy.

Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membranous vesicles that are secreted into biofluids. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many diseases by transferring proteins, genetic material, and small signaling molecules between cells. Among these molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small noncoding RNA, are one of the most important signals and are involved in various biological processes.

Low concentration of polyethylene glycol facilitates separation of extracellular vesicles from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bodily fluids play an essential role in cell-cell cross talk and potentially serve as novel biomarkers in "liquid biopsy." It is crucial to have a consistent, efficient, and reliable method to separate EVs from bodily fluids. Currently, there is no universally accepted, "best" method to separate EVs.

Extracellular vesicle-cargo miR-185-5p reflects type II alveolar cell death after oxidative stress.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating syndrome responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Diffuse alveolar epithelial cell death, including but not limited to apoptosis and necroptosis, is one of the hallmarks of ARDS. Currently, no detectable markers can reflect this feature of ARDS.

Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the respiratory system.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present numerous biomedical ways of studying disease and pathology. They function as protective packaging for the delivery of controlled concentrations of miRNAs and effector molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, genetic material, and small signaling molecules. Previous studies of EVs have yielded valuable insights into pathways of intercellular communication that affect a variety of biological processes and disease responses.

Sorting Mechanisms for MicroRNAs into Extracellular Vesicles and Their Associated Diseases.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secretory membranous elements used by cells to transport proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs). While their existence has been known for many years, only recently has research begun to identify their function in intercellular communication and gene regulation. Importantly, cells have the ability to selectively sort miRNA into EVs for secretion to nearby or distant targets.

Single-step RT-qPCR for detection of extracellular vesicle microRNAs in vivo: a time- and cost-effective method.

Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) are a potential diagnostic tool for liquid biopsy in various human diseases. However, the experimental procedure for the detection of EV-associated miRNAs (EV-miRNAs) from body fluids is relatively complex and not cost-effective. Due to the limited amount of EVs and EV-RNAs, a column-based RNA purification, which is an expensive approach, is often used to detect EV-miRNAs via reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).

Delivery of Functional Small RNAs via Extracellular Vesicles In Vitro and In Vivo.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally generated nanovesicles which potentially mediate the intercellular communication and interorgan crosstalk. EVs have recently gained significant interest as a promising material for delivery of therapeutics. Small RNAs, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), provide a great therapeutic strategy for treating human diseases.

Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid: a review and comparison of different methods.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space, which play a role in cell to cell communication. EVs are categorized into 3 groups depending on their size, surface marker, and method of release from the host cell. Recently, EVs have become of interest in the study of multiple disease etiologies and are believed to be potential biomarkers for many diseases.

A potential role of microvesicle-containing miR-223/142 in lung inflammation.

Background: Uncontrolled lung inflammation is one of the prominent features in the pathogenesis of lung infection- associated acute lung injury (ALI). Microvesicles (MVs) are extracellular nanovesicles that are generated via direct membrane budding.

Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from mice with or without intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation.