Sex reporting of cells used in cancer research: A systematic review.

Sex and gender disparities in biomedical research have been emphasized to improve scientific knowledge applied for the health of both men and women. Despite sex differences in cancer incidence, prognosis, and responses to therapeutic agents, mechanistic explanations at molecular levels are far from enough. Recent studies suggested that cell sex is an important biological variable due to differences in sex chromosome gene expression and differences in events associated with developmental biology.

Changes in Diet Quality over 10 Years and Subsequent Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

This study investigated how diet quality changes over a ten-year period, assessed using the following four diet quality indexes, the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), were related to mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. The analysis included 61,361 participants who completed both the 1993-1996 baseline survey and the 2003-2008 10-year follow-up surveys. Over the mean follow-up period of 13 years after the 10-year survey, 4174 deaths from CVD were identified.

Validation and Comparison of Nutrient Intakes from Two Dietary Questionnaires Developed for the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Background: Quantitative food frequency questionnaires (QFFQs) are often used to measure dietary intakes in large cohort studies but the impact of updating these questionnaires over time is not often examined.

Objective: This study compared nutrient intakes estimated from two different QFFQs to each other and to intakes calculated from three 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs).

Design: This study used a cross-sectional design.

Smoking and alcohol consumption influence the risk of cardiovascular diseases in Korean adults with elevated blood pressure.

Background And Aims: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension are the main causes of global death. We aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on CVD risk among Koreans with elevated blood pressure (BP).

Methods And Results: Adults aged 20-65 years with elevated BP and without pre-existing CVDs were selected from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort version 2.

Sex omission and male bias are still widespread in cell experiments.

Integrating sex as an important biological variable is imperative to enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of cell-based studies, which provide basic information for subsequent preclinical and clinical study designs. Recently, international funding agencies and renowned journals have been attempting to integrate sex as a variable in every research step. To understand what progress has been made in reporting of cell sex in the articles published in since the analysis in 2013, we examined the sex notation of the cells in relevant articles published in the same journal in 2018.

Gender-related variables for health research.

Background: In this paper, we argue for Gender as a Sociocultural Variable (GASV) as a complement to Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV). Sex (biology) and gender (sociocultural behaviors and attitudes) interact to influence health and disease processes across the lifespan-which is currently playing out in the COVID-19 pandemic. This study develops a gender assessment tool-the Stanford Gender-Related Variables for Health Research-for use in clinical and population research, including large-scale health surveys involving diverse Western populations.

Gender Differences in the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease According to Healthcare Utilization and Medication Adherence among Newly Treated Korean Hypertensive Patients.

We aimed to investigate gender differences in ischemic heart disease (IHD) according to healthcare utilization and medication adherence among newly treated Korean hypertensive adults. The National Sample Cohort version 2.0 of the National Health Insurance Service was used for analysis.

Changes in diet quality and body weight over 10 years: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

High-quality diets have been found to be beneficial in preventing long-term weight gain. However, concurrent changes in diet quality and body weight over time have rarely been reported. We examined the association between 10-year changes in diet quality and body weight in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Does Incorporating Gender Differences into Quantifying a Food Frequency Questionnaire Influence the Association of Total Energy Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality?

This study aims to evaluate whether incorporating gender differences in portion sizes as part of quantifying a food frequency questionnaire influences the association of total energy intake with mortality. The analysis included 156,434 participants (70,142 men and 86,292 women) in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, aged 45-75 years at baseline. A total of 49,728 deaths were identified during an average follow-up of 18.

Ratios of Food Amounts across Three Portion Size Categories on a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Men and Women.

Background: For some quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) items, data may be insufficient to set gram weights for multiple portion size (PS) categories. Ratios of food amounts across PS categories may be used to quantify these PS for less frequently consumed food items.

Objective: To explore the ratios of food amounts reported in 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs) by a sample of participants in a cohort study who chose the A (smallest) or C (largest) PS category on the QFFQ, relative to the food amounts for those who chose the B PS category.

Consumption of Korean Foods with High Flavonoid Contents Reduces the Likelihood of Having Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels: Data from the 2015-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study was conducted to investigate associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and Korean food (KF) consumption and flavonoid intake from the 2015-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 6025 men and 8184 women (≥19 years) who completed a 24-h dietary recall and health examination were analyzed. The individual KF consumption rate was defined as the proportion of KF of total food consumed and categorized into tertiles.

Sex differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with diet quality in a multiethnic population.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine associations of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with diet quality in a multiethnic population.

Methods: The analysis included 160 353 African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, Latino, and non-Hispanic white participants aged 45 to 75 y who entered the Multiethnic Cohort study by completing a comprehensive questionnaire in 1993 to 1996 and did not report cancer or heart disease. Diet quality was assessed using four diet quality indexes (DQIs): the Healthy Eating Index 2010, the Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, the alternate Mediterranean Diet, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

Considering Gender Differences in Portion Sizes to Improve the Accuracy of Nutrient Intakes from A Food Frequency Questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to examine whether using gender specific-portion size (GS-PS) improves the accuracy of nutrient intake assessment by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ). For GS-PS quantification, a gram amount was assigned to each PS category for each food item for men and women separately using data from three 24 h dietary recalls (24HDRs) in a calibration study of the Multiethnic Cohort (men = 1141, women = 1150). Nutrient intakes were calculated from the QFFQ using the original-PS and the GS-PS, and were compared with 24HDRs.

Effects of lifestyle-related factors on ischemic heart disease according to body mass index and fasting blood glucose levels in Korean adults.

Objective: To investigate the effects of lifestyle-related factors on ischemic heart disease (IHD) according to body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels among Korean adults.

Methods: A total of 119,929 men and 89,669 women (from National Sample Cohort version 2.0, National Health Insurance Service) aged ≥20 years who were examined during 2003-2006 and had no preexisting type 2 diabetes or circulatory diseases were followed until December 2015 to confirm IHD incident cases.

Sex and Gender Analysis of Toxicity and Epidemiology Data on Environmental Chemicals in the Three Major Toxicology Databases.

As sex and gender are important considerations in the assessment of toxic chemicals, we investigated whether sex and gender issues have been adequately considered in toxicological databases. A systemic review was conducted on the toxicity and epidemiology data of eight environmental chemicals (, cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and tetrachloroethylene [TCE], bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [DEHP], and bisphenol A [BPA]) that appear in three toxicological databases (, Hazardous Substances Data Bank, Integrated Risk Information System, and the European Chemicals Agency databases). Systemic reviews on 4160 data entries pertaining to eight chemicals in three databases revealed that only 13.

Portion Sizes from 24-Hour Dietary Recalls Differed by Sex among Those Who Selected the Same Portion Size Category on a Food Frequency Questionnaire.

Background: Accounting for sex differences in food portions may improve dietary measurement; however, this factor has not been well examined.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in reported food portions from 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs) among those who selected the same portion size category on a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ).

Design: This study was conducted with a cross-sectional design.

Effect of Cilostazol on Incident Dementia in Elderly Men and Women with Ischemic Heart Disease.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is associated with cognitive decline and may contribute to an increased risk of dementia.

Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate whether cilostazol use is associated with a lower risk of incident dementia in Asian patients with IHD, and whether these effects differed based on sex.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed using the Korean National Insurance Claim Data of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service; the duration of the study was from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2015.

Association between Picky Eating Behaviors and Nutritional Status in Early Childhood: Performance of a Picky Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

Picky eating behaviors are frequently observed in childhood, leading to concern that an unbalanced and inadequate diet will result in unfavorable growth outcomes. However, the association between picky eating behaviors and nutritional status has not been investigated in detail. This study was conducted to assess eating behaviors and growth of children aged 1-5 years from the Seoul Metropolitan area.

Intake Trends of Red Meat, Alcohol, and Fruits and Vegetables as Cancer-Related Dietary Factors from 1998 to 2009.

Objectives: Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing steadily in South Korea. This study aimed to examine the change in consumption of three cancer-related dietary factors-red meat, alcohol, and fruits/vegetables, and to evaluate consumption of these dietary factors among Koreans according to the criteria from the recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research.

Methods: Consumption of red meat, alcoholic beverages, and fruits and vegetables was calculated from the 24-hour recall data of 36,486 individuals older than 20 years who were selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998-2009.

Dietary Supplement Use and Nutrient Intake among Children in South Korea.

Background: The use of dietary supplements (DS) is common in South Korea and other countries. However, few studies have been conducted in South Korea on their use, especially in early childhood.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare total nutrient intake and nutrient adequacy among DS users and nonusers in Korean children.

Association of Dietary Sugars and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake with Obesity in Korean Children and Adolescents.

Few studies have examined the association between dietary sugar intake and obesity in Asian children and adolescents. We evaluated the association of dietary sugar intake and its food source with obesity in Korean children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from five studies conducted between 2002 and 2011.

Gender analysis in the development and validation of FFQ: a systematic review.

FFQ comprising food items, intake frequency categories and portion sizes have been used in large-scale observational studies to assess long-term dietary exposure. Although gender is an important influence on food choice and portion size, gender differences are not often analysed during FFQ development. This study investigated whether gender differences were considered sufficiently when developing FFQ, which affects the results of validation studies.