Protective Effects of Crotonis Semen Extract against Sepsis through NF-κB Pathway Inhibition.

Sepsis is an inflammatory condition causing organ failure due to an uncontrolled immune response to infection and remains a significant challenge. Crotonis Semen has displayed various pharmacological effects, yet its potential in protecting against sepsis and the mechanisms involved remains largely unclear. Here, we explored the antiseptic properties of Crotons Semen extract (CSE) in both LPS-stimulated J774 macrophages and mice subjected to sepsis through Cecal ligation and Puncture (CLP) or LPS induction.

Paulownin elicits anti-tumor effects by enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity through JNK pathway activation.

Paulownin, a natural compound derived from wood, exhibits various physiological functions, including anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects. However, the impact of paulownin on natural killer (NK) cell immune activity remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of paulownin on NK cell activity both and , and explored its potential mechanisms.

Differential genotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori in rat and human: insights from Ames test and S9 metabolic activation system.

The Ames test is used worldwide to initially screen the mutagenic potential of new chemicals. In the standard Ames test, S. typhimurium strains (TA100, TA98, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) are treated with substances with/without cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-induced rat S9 fractions for identifying mutagens and pro-mutagens.

Cisplatin Induces Kidney Cell Death ROS-dependent MAPK Signaling Pathways by Targeting Peroxiredoxin I and II in African Green Monkey () Kidney Cells.

Background/aim: Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), CDDP] is a widely used and effective antitumor drug in clinical settings, notorious for its nephrotoxic side effects. This study investigated the mechanisms of CDDP-induced damage in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, with a focus on the role of Peroxiredoxin I (Prx I) and Peroxiredoxin II (Prx II) of the peroxiredoxin (Prx) family, which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Materials And Methods: We utilized the Vero cell line derived from African green monkey kidneys and exposed these cells to various concentrations of CDDP.

PLK1 phosphorylates RhoGDI1 and promotes cancer cell migration and invasion.

Background: Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1) plays an important role in diverse cellular processes by regulating Rho guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ases activity. RhoGDI1 phosphorylation regulates the spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPases during cell migration. In this study, we identified polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a novel kinase of RhoGDI1 and investigated the molecular mechanism by which the interaction between RhoGDI1 and PLK1 regulates cancer cell migration.

Astragalus Complanatus Ethanol Attenuates Septic Shock by Exerting Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Macrophages.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory syndrome that results in multiple-organ failure caused by a dysregulated host immune response to microbial infection. Astragali complanati semen extract (ACSE) exhibits pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging, and anti-diabetes effects. It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat liver and kidney diseases; however, the protective effect of ACSE on sepsis and its mechanisms are unknown.

Peroxiredoxin II regulates exosome secretion from dermal mesenchymal stem cells through the ISGylation signaling pathway.

Background: Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that play important roles in intercellular communication and have potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Dermal mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) are a promising source of exosomes due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating exosome secretion from DMSCs are not fully understood.

IL-17A and Th17 Cells Contribute to Endometrial Cell Survival by Inhibiting Apoptosis and NK Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity of Endometrial Cells via ERK1/2 Pathway.

Immune status including the immune cells and cytokine profiles has been implicated in the development of endometriosis. In this study, we analyzed Th17 cells and IL-17A in peritoneal fluid (PF) and endometrial tissues of patients with (n=10) and without (n=26) endometriosis. Our study has shown increased Th17 cell population and IL-17A level in PF with endometriosis patients.

KLK6/PAR1 Axis Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Regulating Cross-Talk between Tumor Cells and Macrophages.

Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)6 is associated with inflammatory diseases and neoplastic progression. KLK6 is aberrantly expressed in several solid tumors and regulates cancer development, metastatic progression, and drug resistance. However, the function of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear.

ethanol extract attenuates septic shock through inhibition of the STAT1 signaling pathway.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease to infections and results in tissue damage and multiple organ failure. (PFI) is widely used in traditional medicine for allergic inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders. However, the effect of PFI on sepsis is still unknown.

miR-302 Suppresses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells by Downregulating ATAD2.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women. The ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 (ATAD2) contains an ATPase domain and a bromodomain, and is abnormally expressed in various human cancers, including breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ATAD2 expression in breast cancer remain unclear.

Collapsin response mediator protein 4 enhances the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells through calcium‑mediated cell signaling.

Radiation therapy is an effective treatment against various types of cancer, but some radiation‑resistant cancer cells remain a major therapeutic obstacle; thus, understanding radiation resistance mechanisms is essential for cancer treatment. In this study, we established radiation‑resistant colon cancer cell lines and examined the radiation‑induced genetic changes associated with radiation resistance. Using RNA‑sequencing analysis, collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) was identified as the candidate gene associated with radiation sensitivity.

TXNIP Regulates Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Innate Immunity by Inhibiting IFN-γ Production during Bacterial Infection.

The function of natural killer (NK) cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expands to remove pathogens by increasing the ability of innate immune cells. Here, we identified the critical role of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the production of IFN-γ in NK cells during bacterial infection. TXNIP inhibited the production of IFN-γ and the activation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activity in primary mouse and human NK cells.

Cullin 3/KCTD5 Promotes the Ubiqutination of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor 1 and Regulates Its Stability.

Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1) plays important roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell motility, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the activity of Rho GTPases. Its expression is altered in various human cancers and is associated with malignant progression. Here, we show that RhoGDI1 interacts with Cullin 3 (CUL3), a scaffold protein for E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes.

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fate and Malignancy.

The regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate decision, whether they keep quiescence, self-renew, or differentiate into blood lineage cells, is critical for maintaining the immune system throughout one's lifetime. As HSCs are exposed to age-related stress, they gradually lose their self-renewal and regenerative capacity. Recently, many reports have implicated signaling pathways in the regulation of HSC fate determination and malignancies under aging stress or pathophysiological conditions.

Dysregulation of Rho GTPases in Human Cancers.

Rho GTPases play central roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell motility, cell polarity, and cell cycle progression, by regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion. Dysregulation of Rho GTPase signaling is observed in a broad range of human cancers, and is associated with cancer development and malignant phenotypes, including metastasis and chemoresistance. Rho GTPase activity is precisely controlled by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase-activating proteins, and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors.

Erastin Inhibits Septic Shock and Inflammatory Gene Expression via Suppression of the NF-κB Pathway.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that is caused by an abnormal immune response to infection and can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death. Erastin is a small molecule capable of initiating ferroptotic cell death in cancer cells. However, the function of erastin in the inflammatory response during sepsis remains unknown.

DNA Replication and Sister Chromatid Cohesion 1 (DSCC1) of the Replication Factor Complex CTF18-RFC is Critical for Colon Cancer Cell Growth.

DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion 1 (DSCC1) combines with chromosome transmission-fidelity protein 18 (CTF18) to form a CTF18-DSCC1-CTF8 (CTF18-1-8) module, which in combination with CTF18-replication factor C (RFC) acts as a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) loader during DNA replication-associated processes. It was found that DSCC1 was overexpressed in tumor tissues from patients with colon cancer and that the survival probability of patients with colon cancer was lower when the expression of cytosolic DSCC1 was higher in tumor regions (P=0.047).

Regulation of Rho GTPases by RhoGDIs in Human Cancers.

Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the functions of the Rho GTPase family. Dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs is necessary for their spatiotemporal activation and is dynamically regulated by several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and protein interaction. The expression of RhoGDIs has changed in many human cancers and become associated with the malignant phenotype, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer agents.

Morin Hydrate Reverses Cisplatin Resistance by Impairing PARP1/HMGB1-Dependent Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Chemoresistance is a major obstacle that limits the benefits of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. De-regulation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)/high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) signaling pathway has been proposed as an important mechanism involved in cisplatin-resistance. In this study, we investigated therapeutic potential of a natural flavonoid Morin hydrate against cisplatin-induced toxicity using the HepG2 multi-drug resistant cell line, which is derived from the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 agonist induces chemotherapeutic effect via ER stress signaling in gastric cancer.

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is known to play an important role in hormone-associated cancers. G-1, a novel synthetic GPER agonist, has been reported to exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties. However, the chemotherapeutic mechanism of GPER is yet unclear.

p38 Stabilizes Snail by Suppressing DYRK2-Mediated Phosphorylation That Is Required for GSK3β-βTrCP-Induced Snail Degradation.

Snail is a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a major step in tumor metastasis. Although the induction of Snail transcription precedes EMT, posttranslational regulation, especially phosphorylation of Snail, is critical for determining Snail protein levels or stability, subcellular localization, and the ability to induce EMT. To date, several kinases are known that enhance the stability of Snail by preventing its ubiquitination; however, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this are still unclear.

Prenylated Rab acceptor RABAC1 inhibits anti-apoptotic protein BCL2A1 and induces apoptosis.

The B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family of proteins constitutes a critical intracellular checkpoint in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Among BCL2 members, the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2A1 mediates the resistance to BCL2 inhibitors and may be considered as a target for anti-cancer therapy. Here, we report that prenylated Rab acceptor 1 (RABAC1 or PRA1) inhibits the anti-apoptotic activity of BCL2A1 and induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells.

Epsilon-Globin HBE1 Enhances Radiotherapy Resistance by Down-Regulating BCL11A in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Resistance to radiotherapy is considered an important obstacle in the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, the mechanisms that enable tumor cells to tolerate the effects of radiation remain unclear. Moreover, radiotherapy causes accumulated mutations in transcription factors, which can lead to changes in gene expression and radiosensitivity.