Application of Single-Particle Mass Spectrometer to Obtain Chemical Signatures of Various Combustion Aerosols.

A single-particle mass spectrometer (SPMS) with laser ionization was constructed to determine the chemical composition of single particles in real time. The technique was evaluated using various polystyrene latex particles with different sizes (125 nm, 300 nm, 700 nm, and 1000 nm); NaCl, KCl, MgCO, CaCO, and AlO particles with different chemical compositions; an internal mixture of NaCl and KCl; and an internal mixture of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl with different mixing states. The results show that the SPMS can be useful for the determination of chemical characteristics and mixing states of single particles in real time.

Sustained-Release Microspheres of Rivoceranib for the Treatment of Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization.

The wet type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) accompanies the subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by the abnormal extension or remodeling of blood vessels to the macula and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, we tried to repurpose an investigational anticancer drug, rivoceranib, which is a selective inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), and evaluate the therapeutic potential of the drug for the treatment of wet-type AMD in a laser-induced CNV mouse model using microsphere-based sustained drug release formulations.

Comparison of Hygroscopicity, Volatility, and Mixing State of Submicrometer Particles between Cruises over the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Ship-borne measurements of ambient aerosols were conducted during an 11 937 km cruise over the Arctic Ocean (cruise 1) and the Pacific Ocean (cruise 2). A frequent nucleation event was observed during cruise 1 under marine influence, and the abundant organic matter resulting from the strong biological activity in the ocean could contribute to the formation of new particles and their growth to a detectable size. Concentrations of particle mass and black carbon increased with increasing continental influence from polluted areas.

Mixing state of size-selected submicrometer particles in the Arctic in May and September 2012.

Aerosols have been associated with large uncertainties in estimates of the radiation budget and cloud formation processes in the Arctic. This paper reports the results of a study of in situ measurements of hygroscopicity, fraction of volatile species, mixing state, and off-line morphological and elemental analysis of Aitken and accumulation mode particles in the Arctic (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) in May and September 2012. The accumulation mode particles were more abundant in May than in September.

Inhibition of androgen receptor expression with small interfering RNA enhances cancer cell apoptosis by suppressing survival factors in androgen insensitive, late stage LNCaP cells.

Introduction: The aim was to evaluate the changes of androgen receptor (AR) expression quantitatively and to identify influence of AR on cancer related survival markers in LNCap cell line.

Materials And Methods: We compared expressions of AR, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), clusterin (CLU), glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78), and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and their genes between es-LNCaP (less than 33 times subcultured, L-33), ls-LNCaP (over 81 times subcultured, H-81), and si-LNCaP (AR siRNA transfected ls-LNCaP) by Western blotting and RT-PCR.

Results: The expressions of AR, HSP27, CLU, GRP78, and c-FLIP were increased in ls-LNCaP compared with es-LNCaP (AR, 157%; HSP27, 132%; CLU, 146%; GRP78, 138%; c-FLIP, 152%).