Human apolipoprotein E glycosylation and sialylation: from structure to function.

Human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) was first identified as a polymorphic gene in the 1970s; however, the genetic association of ApoE genotypes with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) was only discovered 20 years later. Since then, intensive research has been undertaken to understand the molecular effects of ApoE in the development of sAD. Despite three decades' worth of effort and over 10,000 papers published, the greatest mystery in the ApoE field remains: human ApoE isoforms differ by only one or two amino acid residues; what is responsible for their significantly distinct roles in the etiology of sAD, with ApoE4 conferring the greatest genetic risk for sAD whereas ApoE2 providing exceptional neuroprotection against sAD.

Rhodamine-Based Cyclic Hydroxamate as Fluorescent pH Probe for Imaging of Lysosomes.

Monitoring the microenvironment within specific cellular regions is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of life events. Fluorescent probes working in different ranges of pH regions have been developed for the local imaging of different pH environments. Especially, rhodamine-based fluorescent pH probes have been of great interest due to their ON/OFF fluorescence depending on the spirolactam ring's opening/closure.

Screening in Patients With Dense Breasts: Comparison of Mammography, Artificial Intelligence, and Supplementary Ultrasound.

Screening mammography has decreased performance in patients with dense breasts. Supplementary screening ultrasound is a recommended option in such patients, although it has yielded mixed results in prior investigations. The purpose of this article is to compare the performance characteristics of screening mammography alone, standalone artificial intelligence (AI), ultrasound alone, and mammography in combination with AI and/or ultrasound in patients with dense breasts.

Insight into the Spatial Arrangement of the Lysine Tyrosylquinone and Cu in the Active Site of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2.

Lysyl oxidase-2 (LOXL2) is a Cu and lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine and hydroxylysine residues to promote crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins. LTQ is post-translationally derived from Lys653 and Tyr689, but its biogenesis mechanism remains still elusive. A 2.

Artificial intelligence assistance for women who had spot compression view: reducing recall rates for digital mammography.

Background: Mammography yields inevitable recall for indeterminate findings that need to be confirmed with additional views.

Purpose: To explore whether the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for mammography can reduce false-positive recall in patients who undergo the spot compression view.

Material And Methods: From January to December 2017, 236 breasts from 225 women who underwent the spot compression view due to focal asymmetry, mass, or architectural distortion on standard digital mammography were included.

[CT and MR Imaging Findings of Structural Heart Diseases Associated with Sudden Cardiac Death].

Sudden cardiac death is an unexpected death originating from the heart that occurs within an hour of the onset of symptoms. The main cause of sudden cardiac death is arrhythmia; however, diagnosing underlying structural heart disease significantly contributes to predicting the long-term risk. Cardiovascular CT and MR provide important information for diagnosing and evaluating structural heart disease, enabling the prediction and preparation of the risk of sudden cardiac death.

Mass Spectrometry-Based Disulfide Mapping of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2.

Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysines and hydroxylysines to promote extracellular matrix remodeling. Aberrant activity of LOXL2 has been associated with organ fibrosis and tumor metastasis. The lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor is derived from Lys653 and Tyr689 in the amine oxidase domain via post-translational modification.

US, Mammography, and Histopathologic Evaluation to Identify Low Nuclear Grade Ductal Carcinoma in Situ.

Background Low nuclear grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) identified at biopsy can be upgraded to intermediate to high nuclear grade DCIS at surgery. Methods that confirm low nuclear grade are needed to consider nonsurgical approaches for these patients. Purpose To develop a preoperative model to identify low nuclear grade DCIS and to evaluate factors associated with low nuclear grade DCIS at biopsy that was not upgraded to intermediate to high nuclear grade DCIS at surgery.

Human apolipoprotein E isoforms are differentially sialylated and the sialic acid moiety in ApoE2 attenuates ApoE2-Aβ interaction and Aβ fibrillation.

The APOE genotype is the most prominent genetic risk factor for the development of late-onset Alzheimer''s disease (LOAD); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we found that the sialylation profiles of ApoE protein in the human brain are significantly different among the three isoforms, with ApoE2 exhibiting the most abundant sialic acid modification whereas ApoE4 had the least. We further observed that the sialic acid moiety in ApoE2 significantly affected the interaction between ApoE2 and Aβ peptides.

Oligomeric States and Hydrodynamic Properties of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2.

Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target against metastatic/invasive tumors and organ and tissue fibrosis. LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to promote crosslinking of these proteins, and thereby plays a major role in ECM remodeling. LOXL2 secretes as 100-kDa full-length protein (fl-LOXL2) and then undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the first two scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains to yield 60-kDa protein (Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2).

Mammographic Surveillance After Breast-Conserving Therapy: Impact of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Detection.

Postoperative mammograms present interpretive challenges due to postoperative distortion and hematomas. The application of digital breast tomosyn-thesis (DBT) and artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) has not been widely investigated. The purpose of our study was to assess the impact of additional DBT or AI-CAD on recall rate and diagnostic performance in women undergoing mammographic surveillance after BCT.

Chronological Trends of Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Perspectives.

Background: Because no prior studies have evaluated the chronological trends of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) despite the increasing number of surgeries performed for DCIS, this study analyzed how the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic characteristics of DCIS changed during a 10-year period.

Methods: Of 7123 patients who underwent primary breast cancer surgery at a single institution from 2006 to 2015, 792 patients with pure DCIS were included in this study. The chronological trends of age, symptoms, method for detecting either mammography or ultrasonography, tumor size, nuclear grade, comedonecrosis, and molecular markers were calculated using Poisson regression for all patients and asymptomatic patients.

Added Value of MRI for Invasive Breast Cancer including the Entire Axilla for Evaluation of High-Level or Advanced Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in the Post-ACOSOG Z0011 Trial Era.

Background In the post-American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial era, radiologists have increasingly focused on excluding high-level or advanced axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) by using an additional MRI scan positioned higher than lower axillae; however, the value of these additional scans remains undetermined. Purpose To evaluate whether a standard MRI protocol is sufficient to exclude high-level or advanced ALNM in breast cancer or additional MRI of entire axilla is needed. Materials and Methods This retrospective study evaluated women with invasive breast cancer who underwent breast MRI from April 2015 to December 2016.

Guideline Implementation on Fine-Needle Aspiration for Thyroid Nodules: Focusing on Micronodules.

Objective: We investigated patients who were referred to our institution after fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed at outside clinics to evaluate how many nodules satisfied the FNA indications of the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) and compare that to the number of thyroid nodules that satisfy the FNA indications of the American College of Radiology (ACR)-TIRADS and American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines.

Methods: Between January 2018 and December 2018, 2,628 patients were included in our study. The included patients were those referred for thyroid surgery after having a suspicious thyroid nodule.

Comparison of diagnostic performance of the ACR and Kwak TIRADS applying the ACR TIRADS' size thresholds for FNA.

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic performances and unnecessary fine-needle aspiration (FNA) rates of two point-scale based TIRADS and compare them with a modified version using the ACR TIRADS' size thresholds.

Methods: Our Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for informed consent. A total of 2106 thyroid nodules 10 mm or larger in size in 2084 patients with definitive cytopathologic findings were included.

Artificial intelligence to predict the BRAFV600E mutation in patients with thyroid cancer.

Purpose: To investigate whether a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) program developed using the deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) on neck US images can predict the BRAFV600E mutation in thyroid cancer.

Methods: 469 thyroid cancers in 469 patients were included in this retrospective study. A CAD program recently developed using the deep CNN provided risks of malignancy (0-100%) as well as binary results (cancer or not).

Ultrasonography-Based Radiomics of Screening-Detected Ductal Carcinoma In Situ According to Visibility on Mammography.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has different prognostic factors according to the detection modality. The purpose of this study was to compare parameters from a radiomic analysis of ultrasonography (US) images for DCIS detected on screening mammography (MMG) and US and detected on screening US only. A total of 154 surgically confirmed DCIS visible on US were included.

Combining radiomics with ultrasound-based risk stratification systems for thyroid nodules: an approach for improving performance.

Objectives: To develop a radiomics score using ultrasound images to predict thyroid malignancy and to investigate its potential as a complementary tool to improve the performance of risk stratification systems.

Methods: We retrospectively included consecutive patients who underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for thyroid nodules that were cytopathologically diagnosed as benign or malignant. Nodules were randomly assigned to a training and test set (8:2 ratio).

Survival Rates of Breast Cancer Patients Aged 40 to 49 Years according to Detection Modality in Korea: Screening Ultrasound versus Mammography.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the survival rates of Korean females aged 40 to 49 years with breast cancer detected by supplemental screening ultrasound (US) or screening mammography alone.

Materials And Methods: This single-institution retrospective study included 240 patients with breast cancer (mean age, 45.1 ± 2.

Follow-Up Intervals for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 3 Lesions on Screening Ultrasound in Screening and Tertiary Referral Centers.

Objective: To assess the appropriate follow-up interval, and rate and timepoint of cancer detection in women with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 3 lesions on screening ultrasonography (US) according to the type of institution.

Materials And Methods: A total of 1451 asymptomatic women who had negative or benign findings on screening mammogram, BI-RADS 3 assessment on screening US, and at least 6 months of follow-up were included. The median follow-up interval was 30.

Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Associated with Positive Resection Margins in Patients with Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.

Objective: To investigate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings associated with resection margin status in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) who underwent breast-conserving surgery.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and one patients with ILC who underwent preoperative MRI were included. MRI (tumor size, multifocality, type of enhancing lesion, distribution of non-mass enhancement [NME], and degree of background parenchymal enhancement) and clinicopathological features (age, pathologic tumor size, presence of ductal carcinoma [DCIS] or lobular carcinoma , presence of lymph node metastases, and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 status) were analyzed.

Cytopathologic criteria and size should be considered in comparison of fine-needle aspiration vs. core-needle biopsy for thyroid nodules: results based on large surgical series.

Purpose: To evaluate and compared the diagnostic performances of FNA and CNB using various cytopathologic criteria and size subgroups to see how the comparison results differ accordingly.

Methods: From May 2012 to May 2019, 8187 thyroid nodules in 8139 patients who had undergone preoperative US-guided FNA or CNB at outside clinics were included in this retrospective study (mean size: 11.9 ± 9.