The Use of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Erector Spinae Plane Block to Minimize Opioid Consumption for Breast Surgery: A Case Report.

The erector spinae plane block is a novel interfascial plane block that can provide thoracic and abdominal analgesia. We describe a patient with opioid intolerance scheduled for breast surgery who received an erector spinae plane block with liposomal bupivacaine as well as a supplemental T1 paravertebral block resulting in profound analgesia throughout her postoperative course. This case report demonstrates that use of liposomal bupivacaine in the erector spinae plane block can be successful in providing extended duration postoperative analgesia and minimizing systemic opioid requirements.

The vibrio cholerae hybrid sensor kinase VieS contributes to motility and biofilm regulation by altering the cyclic diguanylate level.

Phosphorelay systems are important mediators of signal transduction during bacterial adaptation to new environments. Previously we described the vieSAB operon, encoding a putative three-protein component phosphorelay involved in regulating Vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression. At least part of the regulatory activity of VieSAB is exerted through the cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP)-degrading activity of the putative response regulator VieA.

The ompU Paralogue vca1008 is required for virulence of Vibrio cholerae.

We made single and combined mutations in ompU, ompT, and the two putative porin genes vca1008 and vc0972. The fitness of the strains was tested in vitro and in the infant mouse model of intestinal infection. We also studied the transcriptional induction of vca1008 in vitro and during mouse infection.

IL-2-induced CD4+ T-cell expansion in HIV-infected patients is associated with long-term decreases in T-cell proliferation.

Administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2) leads to selective and sustained CD4+ T-cell expansions in patients infected with HIV. It has been hypothesized that persistent CD4+ T-cell proliferation is the primary mechanism maintaining these expansions. T-cell proliferation was studied by ex vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and intracellular Ki67 staining in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) with or without IL-2.

Long-term effects of intermittent interleukin 2 therapy in patients with HIV infection: characterization of a novel subset of CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells.

The long-term immunologic effects of intermittent interleukin 2 (IL-2) therapy were evaluated in a cross-sectional study by comparing 3 groups: HIV-seronegative volunteers, HIV-infected (HIV(+)) patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and HIV(+) patients receiving HAART and intermittent IL-2. Whole-blood immunophenotyping was performed to study expression of the IL-2 receptor chains on T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and to further characterize CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells. Increased CD25 expression, especially in CD4(+) T cells but also in CD8(+) T cells, without increases in expression of the beta and gamma chains of the IL-2 receptor was detected in the IL-2 group.