Neurocognitive Psychiatric and Neuropsychological Alterations in Parkinson's Disease: A Basic and Clinical Approach.

The main histopathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the loss of neuromelanin as a consequence of decreased dopamine synthesis. The destruction of the striatal dopaminergic pathway and blocking of striatal dopamine receptors cause motor deficits in humans and experimental animal models induced by some environmental agents. In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as mood and anxiety disorders, hallucinations, psychosis, cognitive impairment, and dementia are common in PD.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: pathophysiological approach.

To review the main pathological findings of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) associated with the presence of autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) as well as the mechanisms of astrocyte dysfunction and demyelination. An comprehensive search of the literature in the field was carried out using the database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information from . Systematic searches were performed until July 2022.

Cognitive disorder and dementia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Insulin, a key pleiotropic hormone, regulates metabolism through several signaling pathways in target tissues including skeletal muscle, liver, and brain. In the brain, insulin modulates learning and memory, and impaired insulin signaling is associated with metabolic dysregulation and neurodegenerative diseases. At the receptor level, in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) models, the amount of insulin receptors and their functions are decreased.

Adherence to treatment in Parkinson's disease: A multicenter exploratory study with patients from six Latin American countries.

Background: Adherence to treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is compromised due to the need for multiple therapies, comorbidities related to aging, and the complexity of therapeutic schemes. In the present study, we aimed to explore adherence to treatment in groups of PD patients from six Latin-American (LA) countries and identify its associated demographic and clinical parameters.

Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional, exploratory study was conducted from September 2016 to March 2017.

Effect of Melatonin Administration on Mitochondrial Activity and Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are extensively linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress markers, mitochondrial complex 1 activity, and mitochondrial respiratory control ratio in patients with PD.

Generalized Dystonia and Paroxysmal Dystonic Attacks due to a Novel Variant.

Background: Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases, better understood in recent years thanks to widely available genetic testing.

Case Report: A pair of monozygotic twins with dystonia and paroxysmal attacks, resembling paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesias, due to a novel variant are reported. The complete resolution of their paroxysms was achieved using levodopa and deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus.

Beyond dystonia and ataxia: Expanding the phenotype of SQSTM1 mutations.

Background: Homozygous sequestomosome-1 gene mutations have been recently linked to neurodegeneration with dystonia, ataxia and gaze palsy. Seven affected families were identified thus far.

Objective: To describe four new cases with additional phenotypical features.

Oxidative Stress: Love and Hate History in Central Nervous System.

Molecular oxygen is essential for aerobic organisms in order to synthesize large amounts of energy during the process of oxidative phosphorylation and it is harnessed in the form of adenosine triphosphate, the chemical energy of the cell. Oxygen is toxic for anaerobic organisms but it is also less obvious that oxygen is poisonous to aerobic organisms at higher concentrations of oxygen. For instance, oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at increased partial pressures.

Teaching Video NeuroImages: semiology and localization of ballistic movements.

Ballistic chorea (hemichorea–hemiballism) localizes to the subthalamic nucleus and its connections (video 1, figure, Aa) or the putamen (video 2, figure, Ab). Other large-amplitude hyperkinetic lesional movements can have similarly high localizing value. “Ballistic” tremor may develop months after recovering from ventrolateral thalamic strokes, in the thalamogeniculate vascular territory (video 3, figure, Ac and Ad).