Smallpox: residual antibody after vaccination.

Of all the microorganisms and toxins, poxviruses (Orthopoxvirus) have the greatest potential for use by terrorists. These viruses can spread rapidly through the environment following initial infection. In 1980, the World Health Organization Eradication Program discontinued vaccination for smallpox and declared that the disease had been eliminated.

Viral infections of nonhuman primates.

Approximately 53,000 serologic tests and viral isolation studies were performed on 1,700 nonhuman primate specimens for evidence of past and/or current viral infection. Information, other than the requested test, generally was not provided with the specimen. This lack of information does not permit any attempt at interpretation of results.

Fatal disseminated cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (herpes B infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Two adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that had been housed together for 4 months died within 2 weeks of each other after brief illnesses. Monkey No. 1 presented with collapse, watery stool, and hypothermia and died overnight.

Detection of Ebola-Reston (Filoviridae) virus antibody by dot-immunobinding assay.

Thirty human and nonhuman primate sera tested at the Centers for Disease Control by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA), and Western blotting were retested at the Virus Reference Laboratory, Inc. by the dot-immunobinding assay (DIA). The Ebola-Reston strain of virus received from the Centers for Disease Control was prepared into a suitable DIA antigen as described for other antigens.

Detection of antibody to immunodeficiency viruses by dot immunobinding assay.

The dot immunobinding assay (DIA), a modified enzyme immunoassay (EIA), has been demonstrated to be a highly sensitive and specific assay for the detection of antibody to a number of viruses. Different laboratory procedures are available for detecting antibody to the immunodeficiency viruses; however, these procedures require a certain amount of sophisticated equipment and trained personnel. Further, commercial kits for detecting antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, as now available, are not easy to use in the nonlaboratory setting.

Detection and titration of measles virus antibody by hemagglutination inhibition and by dot immunobinding.

Measles continues to be a major disease of both human and nonhuman primates. The dot immunobinding assay, a modified enzyme immunoassay, permits the detection of measles virus antibody in the nonlaboratory setting with either serum or whole blood collected on filter paper.

Primate viral diseases in perspective.

The recent occurrence of fatal Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. B virus, however, is only one of a number of viral diseases that plays a role in primate colony management. This report is to emphasize to the primatologist a number of viruses other than H.

Viral battery testing in nonhuman primate colony management.

Good colony management is associated with monitoring of animals for infectious agents. Of major current concern are B virus and simian AIDS (SAIDS) viruses. However, other viral agents frequently cause serious disease outbreaks which can be avoided if their presence is detected sufficiently early.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from experimentally infected chimpanzees: isolation and characterization.

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) isolates obtained from chimpanzees that had undergone various immunosuppressive treatments were characterized by growth on various primary cells and cell lines as well as by restriction endonuclease analysis. Viruses recovered from animals inoculated with uncloned HIV showed genetic variation from the original inoculum, whereas viruses isolated from an animal infected with a molecular clone of HIV did not. In some cases, virus recovery was possible only after enrichment for CD4+ cells by panning, inoculation with a chimpanzee cytomegalovirus, or a combination of these procedures.

The collection of blood on filter paper and its use in the dot-immunobinding assay (DIA) for detection of antibody.

The ability to collect whole blood directly onto filter paper pre-cut to the size used in the dot-immunobinding assay (DIA) is a practical adjunct to this procedure. Its applicability for field studies is suggested.

Dot immunobinding assay compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid and specific detection of retrovirus antibody induced by human or simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A rapid, specific, and sensitive modification of the dot immunobinding assay was compared with the standard enzyme immunoassay as a screening procedure for the detection of antibody in human or simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Comparative testing with the available enzyme immunoassay procedures, either in commercial kit form or as provided by diagnostic laboratories, indicated excellent correlation. Ease of operation and cost are key features of the dot immunobinding assay procedure.

Serodiagnosis of rabies by dot immunobinding assay.

A dot immunobinding assay that uses inactivated antigen for the detection of rabies viral antibodies was compared with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Results of testing pre- and postvaccination sera from humans (n = 33) and canines (n = 22) were identical for both tests. Endpoint titers of positive sera also were approximately the same by both methods.

A dot-immunobinding assay on nitrocellulose with psoralen inactivated Herpesvirus simiae (B virus).

An enzyme-immunoassay performed with Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) and H. simplex antigens inactivated with a psoralen derivative and long-wavelength ultraviolet light irradiation is described. Although B virus is a known human pathogen requiring extreme care in its handling, the use of inactivated antigens in the test allows its performance without biosafety containment.

Dot immunobinding assay of viral antigen and antibodies.

A dot-immunobinding assay for the rapid and specific detection of viral antibody as well as the identification of a virus is described. Based on the use of nitrocellulose membranes for the adsorption of viral protein, this test may be used to detect the presence of virus antibody or identify an isolate within 4 to 6 hours. Use of goat anti-human IgG-alkaline phosphatase followed by a naphthol-AS-MX-phosphate: Fast Red substrate permits visual detection of a positive reaction.

Rapid dot-immunobinding assay on nitrocellulose for viral antibodies.

A procedure is described for the routine laboratory diagnosis of viral serum antibodies. Antigens are dotted on nitrocellulose strips or sheets, and sera are applied on absorbent paper strips. Antigen-antibody complexes are detected with enzyme-conjugated antiglobulin and development of a colored, insoluble substrate product.

Experimental Herpes neonatalis in SA 8-infected baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

13 newborn baboons were experimentally infected with a baboon-derived herpesvirus SA 8-strain. Intratracheal infection produced herpetic tracheobronchopneumonia, intravenous inoculation resulted in adrenal necrosis similar to that in human neonatal herpes infection.

Malignant lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease in baboons (Papio sp.).

Four cases of spontaneous malignant lymphoma and one of Hodgkin's lymphoma in baboons at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research were studied and described. These cases were in animals of both sexes that varied in age from 6 to 25 years, and were in residence at the Foundation from 2 to 24 years, during which time there was no known exposure to carcinogenetic agents. Attempts to isolate an etiological viral agent or demonstrate viral particles in lymphoid tissue were unsuccessful.

Sensitivity of equine herpesviruses 1 and 3 in vitro to a new nucleoside analogue, 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxy] methyl] guanine.

The following members of the Herpetoviridae family were tested to determine their sensitivities to the new antiviral drug, BIOLF-62: equine herpesvirus types 1 and 3, human herpesvirus types 1 and 2, swine herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus type 4, feline herpesvirus, canine herpesvirus, and herpes simiae virus. Equine herpesviruses 1 and 3, human herpesviruses 1 and 2, and herpes simiae virus were all sensitive to BIOLF-62 at concentrations of less than 0.55 micrograms/ml.

Immunological tolerance induced by in utero injection.

Intrauterine injection of human whole blood into rabbit and rhesus monkey fetuses was found to result in long lasting unresponsiveness to human serum albumin. Intrauterine injection of viable allogeneic bone marrow cells into rabbit fetuses was without any apparent harmful effect and also resulted in permanent unresponsiveness demonstrated by donor red cell survival studies. The implication of these findings in respect of using this approach towards the correction of certain inherited diseases in man is discussed.

Infection of baboons ("Papio cynocephalus") with rotavirus (SA11).

A recent survey of nonhuman primate sera indicated that antibody to a rotavirus (SA11) was prevalent among a wide spectrum of animals. Both New and Old World species were found with antibody, many with surprisingly high titers (1:320). Whether or not infection per se was due to SA11 or an antigenically closely related agent could not be determined by that study; however, it is apparent from this study as well as from a survey of the literature that natural as well as experimental infection of nonhuman primates occurs.

Chemical inhibition of foamyvirus in primary baboon (Papio cynocephalus) kidney cells.

This report describes the conditions for the use of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in growth and maintenance media for the suppression or inhibition of simian foamyviruses (SFV) in primary baboon kidney (BAK) and rabbit kidney (RK) cell cultures. When RK cells were planted in medium containing AlCl3, infected with SFV, and passaged, the growth of SFV was suppressed or inhibited by the presence of AlCl3. With this method, BAK cells yielded higher viral titers after infection with various viruses, thus making these cells more suitable for virological applications.

A comparison of neutralization tests for the detection of antibodies to Herpesvirus simiae (monkey B virus).

Neutralization tests used in one laboratory in the USA and one laboratory in England to detect antibodies to Herpesvirus simiae have been compared. Complete concordance in results was obtained with 53 (90%) of 59 monkey sera. The remaining six sera all had titers no greater than 1:3.