Hydrogen bonding heterogeneity correlates with protein folding transition state passage time as revealed by data sonification.

Protein-protein and protein-water hydrogen bonding interactions play essential roles in the way a protein passes through the transition state during folding or unfolding, but the large number of these interactions in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations makes them difficult to analyze. Here, we introduce a state space representation and associated "rarity" measure to identify and quantify transition state passage (transit) events. Applying this representation to a long MD simulation trajectory that captured multiple folding and unfolding events of the GTT WW domain, a small protein often used as a model for the folding process, we identified three transition categories: Highway (faster), Meander (slower), and Ambiguous (intermediate).

Illness Perception and the Severity of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Multimorbidity: Observational Cohort Studies.

Introduction: Many studies have shown a correlation between the patient's engagement in treatment and their perception of the illness.

Aim: The aim of this study has been to explore the link between the patient's perception of their illness with anxiety and depression, and to leverage this link to promote health education.

Materials And Methods: The study was carried out using the following tools: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised.

The Prevalence of Neck and Back Pain among Paramedics in Poland.

Neck Pain (NP) and low back pain (LBP) are ubiquitous musculoskeletal conditions and some of the major causes of disability worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of back pain among paramedics and their correlation with the nature of work, anthropometric features and the level of recreational physical activity. A group of 201 individuals (39 females (19.

Children From the Age of Three Show a Developmental Switch in T-Cell Differentiation.

Every sixth child suffers from hypertrophy of the adenoid, a secondary lymphoid organ, at least once in childhood. Little is known about the impact of pathogen-provocation vs. developmental impact on T-cell responses after 1 year of age.

Health education for stroke patient carers: does it affect functional status improvement in patients after ischemic stroke?

Aim: The aim of the prospective cohort study was to assess the impact of the conducted carer training on functional status improvement in patients after stroke.

Background: In recent years, the role of family in unprofessional care provision for patients in their home environment has been emphasized.

Methods: The cohort comprised 157 patients after ischemic stroke.

CD4+ T cells from human neonates and infants are poised spontaneously to run a nonclassical IL-4 program.

Senescence or biological aging impacts a vast variety of molecular and cellular processes. To date, it is unknown whether CD4(+) Th cells display an age-dependent bias for development into specific subpopulations. In this study, we show the appearance of a distinct CD4(+) T cell subset expressing IL-4 at an early stage of development in infant adenoids and cord blood that is lost during aging.

Tetanus toxoid-pulsed monocyte vaccination for augmentation of collateral vessel growth.

Background: The pathogenesis of collateral growth (arteriogenesis) has been linked to both the innate and adaptive immune systems. While therapeutic approaches for the augmentation of arteriogenesis have focused on innate immunity, exploiting both innate and adaptive immune responses has not been examined. We hypothesized that tetanus toxoid (tt) immunization of mice followed by transplantation of monocytes (Mo) exposed ex vivo to tt augments arteriogenesis after ligation of the hind limb.

[Biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children].

The problem of finding the biochemical markers for determining cardiovascular risk is complex, difficult and multidisciplinary. Even in a simple biochemical blood test the number of possible variables significant for indicating the negative changes in the cardiovascular system is high. The image created from a variety of factors is fuzzy, inconclusive and sometimes difficult to define and explain.

[Elevated blood pressure as cardiovascular risk factor].

Cardiovascular diseases for decades have been and still are the main and current health problem of the Polish society and there are many reasons for these diseases. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. The factors significantly increasing risk the of cardiovascular disease are in addition to high blood pressure, smoking (also passive), high blood fats (cholesterol and its HDL, LDL fractions as well as triglyceride levels, obesity, lack of exercise, diabetes and hereditary features.

Pro-inflammatory effector Th cells transmigrate through anti-inflammatory environments into the murine fetus.

The presence of maternal DNA or even maternal cells within the offspring (microchimerism) has been reported for many fetal tissues, including the liver, heart, and spleen. Microchimerism is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases; however, the cellular origin of this phenomenon remains unknown. Here, we determined whether differentiated T lymphocytes could transmigrate through the immunosuppressive environment of the placenta to reach the fetus.

IL-1β and TGF-β act antagonistically in induction and differentially in propagation of human proinflammatory precursor CD4+ T cells.

Cytokines are critical messengers that control the differentiation of Th cells. To evaluate their impact on the fate of human naive CD4(+) T cells from cord and adult blood, early T cell differentiation was monitored after T cell activation in the presence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, the analysis of Th cell lineage-specific molecules revealed that IL-1β on its own mediates differentiation of Th cells that secrete a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and stably express CD69, STAT1, IFN-γ, and IL-17.

Blockade of CTLA-4 decreases the generation of multifunctional memory CD4+ T cells in vivo.

CTLA-4 is known as a central inhibitor of T cell responses. It terminates T cell activation and proliferation and induces resistance against activation induced cell death. However, its impact on memory formation of adaptive immune responses is still unknown.

Surface CD152 (CTLA-4) expression and signaling dictates longevity of CD28null T cells.

CD28(null) T cells are a highly enriched subset of proinflammatory T cells in patients with autoimmune diseases that are oligoclonal and autoreactive. In this study, we analyzed the role of CD152 signaling on the longevity of human CD28(null) T cells. Using a sensitive staining method for CD152, we show that human CD4(+)CD28(null) and CD8(+)CD28(null) T cells rapidly express surface CD152.

The harmless acute pancreatitis score: a clinical algorithm for rapid initial stratification of nonsevere disease.

Background & Aims: Only severe acute pancreatitis requires treatment, according to the principles of intensive care medicine in an intensive care or intermediate care unit. The aim of the study was to define and evaluate a simple clinical algorithm for rapid initial identification of patients with a first attack of acute pancreatitis who do not require intensive care.

Methods: This prospective study included 394 patients who were admitted to the Municipal Clinic of Lüneburg, Germany, between 1987 and 2003.

Plasma cell differentiation in T-independent type 2 immune responses is independent of CD11c(high) dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role as antigen-presenting cells in T cell stimulation. Interestingly, a number of recent studies also imply DC as critical accessory cells in B cell activation, isotype switching and plasma blast maintenance. Here we use the conditional in vivo ablation of CD11c(high) DC to investigate the role of these cells in T-independent type 2 immune responses.

Adaptation of humoral memory.

Immunological memory, as provided by antibodies, depends on the continued presence of antibody-secreting cells, such as long-lived plasma cells of the bone marrow. Survival niches for these memory plasma cells are limited in number. In an established immune system, acquisition of new plasma cells, generated in response to recent pathogenic challenges, requires elimination of old memory plasma cells.

Standardized on-slide control for quality assurance in the immunohistochemical assessment of therapeutic target molecules in breast cancer.

Individualization and optimization of risk-adapted therapy in breast cancer requires molecular profiling of individual cancer specimens. In tissues of heterogeneous cellular composition, such as mammary tissue, cancer prognostic markers and potential therapeutic target molecules are preferentially detected by in situ techniques such as immunohistochemistry. The more therapy decisions are based on immunohistochemical findings, the more histopathologists are confronted with the demand to establish standardized procedures that enable reproducible evaluation independent from the investigating laboratory.

Retrospective multicenter study of an anodized, tapered, diminishing thread implant: success rate at exposure.

Performance of a new tapered, threaded implant at exposure was evaluated retrospectively using conservative assessment criteria. The criteria used were intended to ensure that an implant in the early stages of failing as well as those implants that have clearly failed would be identified as such. These results reflect an evaluation preliminary to comparing the performance of the implant at exposure and its performance (i.

Single-tooth replacement: bridge vs. implant-supported restoration.

Options for restoring a single tooth include fixed partial denture, resin-bonded restoration and single-tooth implant. In this paper, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and factors that must be considered when choosing between them for the replacement of a single tooth. Although in some cases a fixed partial denture is the most appropriate choice, implants have the advantage of allowing preservation of the integrity of sound teeth adjacent to the edentulous area.

Implant position record and implant position cast: minimizing errors, procedures and patient visits in the fabrication of the milled-bar prosthesis.

This article describes a new rationale and method involved in the fabrication of a patient detachable prosthesis supported by a milled bar. This simple procedure improves prosthesis retention. The overdenture is processed directly over a milled bar, which provides an intimate relation between the bar and the acrylic resin denture base to create resistance against rotational and lateral forces acting on the prosthesis.

Cement-retained versus screw-retained implant restorations: achieving optimal occlusion and esthetics in implant dentistry.

Statement Of Problem: Optimal occlusion and esthetics are goals in prosthetic treatment. Implant dentistry is no exception.

Purpose Of Article: The purpose of this article is to discuss how the choice to use screw-retained or cement-retained implants dramatically influences the occlusion and esthetics.

Comparison between planned prosthetic trajectory and residual bone trajectory using surgical guides and tomography--a pilot study.

Implant treatment is a highly technical and complex form of dentistry. Research and experience have shown that the success of dental implant treatment relies on a well-developed treatment plan approach that takes into account factors such as systemic condition, anatomical landmarks, occlusion, shape and density of the jawbone, and type of implant system. Historically, once the tissue was reflected, implant placement was guided by residual bone height and width, using the trajectory that was compatible with the location and direction of available bone, at times compromising prosthetic needs.