The Paradox of Ingestion of Dietary Cholesterol in "Vegans"-Reply.

In a comment on several articles on the vegan dietary pattern, Antoniazzi & Acosta-Navarro (2017) mentioned the paradox of the presence of dietary cholesterol as a nutritional component in the analysis of the vegan dietary pattern [1]. [..

Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet.

The number of studies comparing nutritional quality of restrictive diets is limited. Data on vegan subjects are especially lacking. It was the aim of the present study to compare the quality and the contributing components of vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diets.

Dietary pattern analysis: a comparison between matched vegetarian and omnivorous subjects.

Background: Dietary pattern analysis, based on the concept that foods eaten together are as important as a reductive methodology characterized by a single food or nutrient analysis, has emerged as an alternative approach to study the relation between nutrition and disease. The aim of the present study was to compare nutritional intake and the results of dietary pattern analysis in properly matched vegetarian and omnivorous subjects.

Methods: Vegetarians (n = 69) were recruited via purposeful sampling and matched non-vegetarians (n = 69) with same age, gender, health and lifestyle characteristics were searched for via convenience sampling.

Dietary acid-base balance in adolescent sprint athletes: a follow-up study.

Sprinters are advised to include additional protein sources in their diet. Basal metabolism and vigorous physical activities generate hydrogen ions that need to be buffered. The present follow-up study estimates the dietary potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) in adolescent sprint athletes.

Health aspects, nutrition and physical characteristics in matched samples of institutionalized vegetarian and non-vegetarian elderly (> 65yrs).

Background: Epidemiological studies indicate that a well balanced vegetarian diet offers several health benefits including a lower prevalence of prosperity diseases in vegetarians compared to omnivores. It was the purpose of the present study to compare nutritional and physical characteristics in matched samples of institutionalized vegetarian (V) and non-vegetarian (NV) elderly.

Methods: Twenty-two female and 7 male V (females: 84.

Energy and macronutrient intake in adolescent sprint athletes: a follow-up study.

Macronutrient intake, height, weight, and body composition of 60 adolescent sprint athletes were estimated every 6 months over 3 years. Seven-day food records were analysed based on the Belgian and Dutch food databanks. The age of participants at the start of the 3-year study was 14.

Nutritional status of Flemish vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians: a matched samples study.

The present study compares the nutritional status of vegetarian (V) with non-vegetarian (NV) subjects. A three-day food record and a health questionnaire were completed by 106 V and 106 NV matched for following characteristics: sex, age, BMI, physical activity, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Total energy intake was not significantly different (men: V: 2,346 ± 685 kcal/d; NV: 2,628 ± 632 kcal/d; p = 0.

Nutrient based estimation of acid-base balance in vegetarians and non-vegetarians.

A first objective of the present study was to estimate the acid-base balance of the food intake in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. A second objective was to evaluate if additional input of specific food items on the existing potential renal acid load (PRAL) list was necessary for the comparison of the two dietary patterns. Thirty vegetarians between the age of 18 and 30 years were matched for sex, age and BMI with 30 non-vegetarians.

Developmental changes and predictability of static strength in individuals of different maturity: a 30-year longitudinal study.

This longitudinal study analyses the development and predictability of static strength and their interactions with maturation in youth. Of 515 children followed annually from age 6 to 18 years, 59 males and 60 females were measured again at age 35. Early, average, and late maturity groups were established.

Nutritional habits of Flemish adolescent sprint athletes.

Purpose And Methods: To investigate dietary habits of Flemish adolescent track and field athletes using a 7-d weighed-food record. Besides adequacy for growth, development, and physical performance, dietary health aspects were considered.

Results: Twenty-nine girls and 31 boys, with minimum 2 yr of track and field training practice, were recruited.

Tracking of adult adiposity in early, average and late maturing children: a thirty year longitudinal growth study.

Aim: To investigate if predictability of adult adiposity is related to maturation status in youth.

Methods: Data of the longitudinal ''LEGS''-study (N = 550) from 6 to 18 years were used. At 35 years, 59 men and 60 women participated again.

Estimation of daily human intake of food flavonoids.

The daily intake of food flavonoids was determined using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 4-day food record (4DFR) in a group of 45 female Flemish dietitians. The subjects were asked to report their food intake three times: day 1 using the FFQ (FFQ1); between days 2 and 13 using a 4-day non-consecutive food diary (4DFR); and again using the FFQ on day 14 (FFQ2). The total flavonoid intakes (mean and standard deviation) as estimated with the different methods were: for FFQ1, 166.

Estimation of daily human intake of food flavonoids.

The daily intake of food flavonoids was determined using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a four day non consecutive food diary (4DFR) in a group of 45 female Flemish dietitians. The subjects were asked to report their food intake three times: day 1 using the FFQ (FFQ1); between day 2 and 13 using a four day non consecutive food diary (4DFR); and again the FFQ on day 14 (FFQ2). The total flavonoid intake in mg/day as estimated with the different methods were respectively (mean and SD) for FFQ1 166.

Cross-sectional analysis of BMI and some lifestyle variables in Flemish vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians.

Epidemiological studies on vegetarians indicate that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are associated with certain health benefits, which may lower mortality and morbidity. A healthy lifestyle, such as regular physical activity and avoidance of harmful practices, such as smoking and heavy drinking, could also influence these positive health-related outcomes in vegetarians. This study reports BMI, smoking and drinking habits, engagement in physical activity, medication use and subjective health perception in a vegetarian population (women: n = 206, mean age 37.

Growth, development, and physical fitness of Flemish vegetarian children, adolescents, and young adults.

This study was designed to assess average daily dietary intakes of energy in 82 vegetarian children (group A: 6- 9-y-old girls and 6-11-y-old boys), adolescents (group B: 10- 15-y-old girls and 12-17-y-old boys), and young adults (group C: 16-30-y-old females and 18-30-y-old males) and included determination of height and weight; triceps, suprailiac, and calf skinfold thicknesses; puberty ratings; and physical fitness. Dietary energy intake was lower than recommended values in all 3 groups. Height and weight did not differ significantly from the reference data except in group B, which had significantly lower heights and weights and lower body mass indexes (P<0.

Evaluation of habitual physical activity from a week's heart rate monitoring in French school children.

Habitual physical activity (HPA) was studied in 30 boys and 34 girls aged 6-11 years. All the children performed a shuttle run test (SRT) to assess maximal heart frequency (fcmaxSRT) and to evaluate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2maxSRT). Heart rate (fc) was measured continuously from Monday to Sunday, using a heart rate counter.

Stability of somatotypes: A longitudinal study of Belgian children age 6 to 17 years.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of somatotypes in Belgian children and adolescents, 52 boys and 30 girls, followed longitudinally from 6 to 17 years of age. The anthropometric Heath-Carter somatotypes, with a stature correction for endomorphy, were estimated at 1-year intervals. Mean somatotypes were most different between the earliest and oldest ages in both boys and girls.

Mechanical efficiency of the elbow flexors in rowing.

Biomechanical and especially kinesiological investigations of the mechanical efficiency of rowers are rarely found in today's literature. The coach frequently relates to skills or technical movements in terms of their aesthetic appearance rather than their mechanical effectiveness. The force output of the elbow flexors appears to be a function of the forearm position.

Indirect evidence against a contribution of the guanine nucleotide-binding inhibitory component of adenylate cyclase to impaired lipolysis in the epididymal adipose tissue of congenitally obese (ob/ob) mice.

The mixed adrenergic agonist epinephrine, at a 10 microM concentration, stimulated cyclic AMP production and glycerol release in the epididymal adipose tissue of ob/ob male mice. These effects when tested, respectively, after 7 min in the presence and after 60 min in the absence of theophylline were, however, 7- and 5-fold lower than in lean controls. The alpha-adrenergic blocker phentolamine and adenosine deaminase (which destroys extracellular adenosine) did not restore a normal lipolytic response to epinephrine in the adipose tissue of ob/ob mice.

Force analysis of the rowing stroke employing two differing oar grips.

The velocity of the rowing boat appears to depend on the force which the athlete applies at the handle of the oar. Although force is generated by legs, upper body, and arms, the latter are the only limbs which actually transmit and apply the force against the oar. The force output of the arms seem to be a function of the forearm position used by the athlete while gripping the oar.

Anthropometric characteristics of female Olympic rowers.

Anthropometric data on 51 (23%) of the female rowers in the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games are summarized and compared to a female non-rower athletic sample and to a female Canadian university student sample. The rowers, being taller and heavier (means 174.3 cm and 67.

Effects of portacaval diversion on lipid metabolism in rat adipose tissue.

Male rats were submitted for 3 wk either to portacaval shunt or to portacaval transposition. In both cases, sham-operated pair-fed rats served as controls. After an overnight fast, insulinemia was similar in all groups, but glucagonemia was significantly higher (by 65%) and serum glucose significantly lower (by 35%) in rats with a portacaval shunt.