Management of a black leopard (Panthera pardus) with seasonal atopy and cutaneous adverse food reaction by using transmucosal immunotherapy.

An 11-yr-old female black leopard (Panthera pardus) was presented with pruritus and intermittent gastrointestinal distress for a duration of 18 mo. Dietary elimination trial and challenge confirmed food hypersensitivity. Milder and persistent pruritus, while consuming a strict elimination diet, confirmed atopic dermatitis also was related to airborne environmental triggers identified by intradermal allergy testing.

The economics of pain management.

Using castration and dehorning as the test base, this article evaluates whether pain management is associated with increased production and whether this motivates producers. The literature supporting increased production parameters is limited. Studies have evaluated short periods and often use few animals.