Health services for aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote Australia: A scoping review.

In Australia, there is a significant gap between health outcomes in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, which may relate to inequity in health service provision, particularly in remote areas. The aim was to conduct a scoping review to identify publications in the academic and grey literature and describe 1) Existing health services for Indigenous children in remote Australia and service use, 2) Workforce challenges in remote settings, 3) Characteristics of an effective health service, and 4) Models of care and solutions. Electronic databases of medical/health literature were searched (Jan 1990 to May 2021).

Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy [SUDI]: What the clinician, pathologist, coroner and researchers want to know.

The loss of an apparently healthy infant is confronting for any family, puzzling for a clinician and challenging for the pathologist charged with the task of demonstrating a cause for death. The term "cot death" evolved to "sudden infant death syndrome" [SIDS] and now "sudden unexpected death in infancy [SUDI]" as the epidemiology and pathology of infant death changed. Community interventions were successful in changing sleep practices for young babies.

Model Development for Fat Mass Assessment Using Near-Infrared Reflectance in South African Infants and Young Children Aged 3-24 Months.

Undernutrition in infants and young children is a major problem leading to millions of deaths every year. The objective of this study was to provide a new model for body composition assessment using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) to help correctly identify low body fat in infants and young children. Eligibility included infants and young children from 3-24 months of age.

Emergency Department Presentations by Children in Remote Australia: A Population-based Study.

Aboriginal leaders invited us to examine the frequency and reasons for emergency department (ED) presentations by children in remote Western Australia, where Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) is common. . ED presentations (2007-11 inclusive) were examined for all children born in the Fitzroy Valley in 2002-03.

Multivalent and Bidirectional Binding of Transcriptional Transactivation Domains to the MED25 Coactivator.

The human mediator subunit MED25 acts as a coactivator that binds the transcriptional activation domains (TADs) present in various cellular and viral gene-specific transcription factors. Previous studies, including on NMR measurements and site-directed mutagenesis, have only yielded low-resolution models that are difficult to refine further by experimental means. Here, we apply computational molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions of two different TADs from the human transcription factor ETV5 (ERM) and herpes virus VP16-H1 with MED25.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Monitor Nutritional Status of Neonates: A Review.

The World Health Organization reported that half or more of all under five deaths were caused by undernutrition in developing countries, with the majority of these deaths occurring in the first week of life. Even if the undernourished neonates manage to survive, they are exposed to long-term health impacts, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Along with those health-impacts they can be exposed to risks related to detrimental early development, such as physical impairment, stunting, brain dysfunction, and reduced cognitive development.

Genetic dissection of a Leishmania flagellar proteome demonstrates requirement for directional motility in sand fly infections.

The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses a single flagellum, which is remodelled during the parasite's life cycle from a long motile flagellum in promastigote forms in the sand fly to a short immotile flagellum in amastigotes residing in mammalian phagocytes. This study examined the protein composition and in vivo function of the promastigote flagellum. Protein mass spectrometry and label free protein enrichment testing of isolated flagella and deflagellated cell bodies defined a flagellar proteome for L.

A Novel Mutation of in a Child with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Associated with MCLMR.

Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR; OMIM 152950) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome. Mutations in the kinesin family member 11 () gene have been associated with this condition. Here, we report a de novo novel heterozygous missense mutation in exon 12 of the gene [c.

Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis and Antibiotic Use in Northeast Thailand.

Objective: Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for suspected sepsis because of the nonspecific clinical symptoms of sepsis. The overuse of antibiotic is associated with adverse outcomes. This study aimed to determine the rate of early-onset sepsis (EOS) and antibiotic use in neonates admitted to three NICUs in Northeast Thailand STUDY DESIGN:  This is a descriptive study using the data collected in the South East Asia-Using Research for Change in Hospital-acquired Infection in Neonates project.

An anthropometric approach to characterising neonatal morbidity and body composition, using air displacement plethysmography as a criterion method.

Background: With the greatest burden of infant undernutrition and morbidity in low and middle income countries (LMICs), there is a need for suitable approaches to monitor infants in a simple, low-cost and effective manner. Anthropometry continues to play a major role in characterising growth and nutritional status.

Methods: We developed a range of models to aid in identifying neonates at risk of malnutrition.

Pediatric hospital admissions in Indigenous children: a population-based study in remote Australia.

Background: We analysed hospital admissions of a predominantly Aboriginal cohort of children in the remote Fitzroy Valley in Western Australia during the first 7 years of life.

Methods: All children born between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2003 and living in the Fitzroy Valley in 2009-2010 were eligible to participate in the Lililwan Project. Of 134 eligible children, 127 (95%) completed Stage 1 (interviews of caregivers and medical record review) in 2011 and comprised our cohort.

Infant pacifiers for reduction in risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Background: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been most recently defined as the sudden unexpected death of an infant less than one year of age, with onset of the fatal episode apparently occurring during sleep, that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation, including the performance of a complete autopsy and a review of the circumstances of death and clinical history. Despite the success of several prevention campaigns, SIDS remains a leading cause of infant mortality. In 1994, a 'triple risk model' for SIDS was proposed that described SIDS as an event that results from the intersection of three factors: a vulnerable infant; a critical development period in homeostatic control (age related); and an exogenous stressor.

Length-free near infrared measurement of newborn malnutrition.

Under-nutrition in neonates can cause immediate mortality, impaired cognitive development and early onset adult disease. Body fat percentage measured using air-displacement-plethysmography has been found to better indicate under-nutrition than conventional birth weight percentiles. However, air-displacement-plethysmography equipment is expensive and non-portable, so is not suited for use in developing communities where the burden is often the greatest.

EPHB4 kinase-inactivating mutations cause autosomal dominant lymphatic-related hydrops fetalis.

Hydrops fetalis describes fluid accumulation in at least 2 fetal compartments, including abdominal cavities, pleura, and pericardium, or in body tissue. The majority of hydrops fetalis cases are nonimmune conditions that present with generalized edema of the fetus, and approximately 15% of these nonimmune cases result from a lymphatic abnormality. Here, we have identified an autosomal dominant, inherited form of lymphatic-related (nonimmune) hydrops fetalis (LRHF).

Sudden unexplained early neonatal death or collapse: a national surveillance study.

Background: The incidence of sudden unexpected early neonatal death (SUEND) or acute life-threatening events (ALTEs) is reported as 0.05/1,000 to 0.38/1,000 live births.

Antenatal management of gestational diabetes mellitus can improve neonatal outcomes.

Objective: Pregnancies complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at a higher risk for caesarean and instrumental deliveries as well as adverse neonatal outcomes such as fetal overgrowth, hypoglycaemia and neonatal intensive care admission. Our primary objective was to describe neonatal outcomes in a sample that included term infants of both GDM mothers and mothers with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Design And Setting: this cross-sectional study included 599 term babies born between September and October 2010 at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Placental inflammation is associated with rural and remote residence in the Northern Territory, Australia: a cross-sectional study.

Background: The Northern Territory has the highest rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality in Australia. Placental histopathology has not been studied in this high-risk group of women.

Methods: This is the first study to detail the placental pathology in Indigenous women and to compare the findings with non-Indigenous women in the Northern Territory.

Simulation-based optimization of a near-infrared spectroscopic subcutaneous fat thickness measuring device.

Using Monte Carlo simulations we optimized the wavelength and source-detector distance (SDD) of a reflectance-based spectroscopic device used for measuring subcutaneous fat thickness. As the optical properties of muscle, fat and dermis are wavelength dependent, it is necessary to choose a wavelength that is highly sensitive to fat but insensitive to water and melanin. The SDD is important since it determines average photon penetration depth.

Sleep position, fetal growth restriction, and late-pregnancy stillbirth: the Sydney stillbirth study.

Objective: To identify potentially modifiable risk factors for late-pregnancy stillbirth.

Methods: This was a population-based matched case-control study of pregnant women at 32 weeks of gestation or greater booked into tertiary maternity hospitals in metropolitan Sydney between January 2006 and December 2011. The case group consisted of women with singleton pregnancies with antepartum fetal death in utero.

Non-nutritive sucking for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants.

Background: Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is commonly diagnosed in the neonatal population (DiPietro 1994), and generally causes few or no symptoms (Vandenplas 2009). Conversely, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) refers to GOR that causes troublesome symptoms with or without complications such as damage to the oesophagus (Vandenplas 2009). Currently there is no evidence to support the range of measures recommended to help alleviate acid reflux experienced by infants.

Breastfeeding practices in a hospital-based study of Vietnamese women.

Background: The benefits of breastfeeding to both maternal and infant health are vast and widely known. The aim of this study was to elicit the rates of exclusive breastfeeding, early initiation of breastfeeding, and colostrum feeding and to determine the attitudes, knowledge, and influences around breastfeeding in postpartum Vietnamese women.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hung Vuong Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, between December 2010 and January 2011.

Do neonatal hypoglycaemia guidelines in Australia and New Zealand facilitate breast feeding?

Objective: to establish how well postnatal ward neonatal hypoglycaemia guidelines facilitate breast feeding and adhere to UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) recommendations, and to compare compliance with different recommendations.

Design: an appraisal of guidelines obtained via email survey using a UNICEF UK BFI checklist tool. Information about Baby Friendly Health/Hospital Initiative (BFHI) accreditation status was obtained by email questionnaire.