Over Investigation: An Ethical Debate.

Over investigations contribute to escalating health costs driven by multiple factors including physician decisions, patient requests, information overload, technological advances, marketing, hospital management policies, insurance requirements and defensive practices. The reconciliation between knowledge and clinical wisdom while dealing with uncertainties in medicine is the primary way forward through this ethical maze. A case scenario illustrates what pediatricians need to reflect upon while facing decisions on rational investigations to maximize beneficence while being aware of economics of healthcare delivery.

Role of hypoxia and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the formation and maintenance of oral cancer stem cells in oral squamous cell carcinomas and metastatic lymph node: An immunohistochemical analysis.

Background: Inspite of having advanced treatment modalities the overall survival rate in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains poor. This is considered to be mainly due to local recurrence and distant metastasis. Various studies have concentrated on the role of oral cancer stem cells (OCSCs) in the progression and metastasis of OSCC.

Role of MMP1 and MMP10 in local invasion and distant metastasis in different levels of oral squamous cell carcinoma - A immunohistochemical comparative study.

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are basically a part of a large family of proteolytic enzymes. They play an important role in degrading extracellular matrix and basement membrane, which is a basic mechanism in local invasion and tumour metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemically the expression of MMP1 and MMP10 in tumour invasion locally and at distant levels, including lymph nodes at different levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Molecular characterization and antifungal activity of lipopeptides produced from Bacillus subtilis against plant fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata.

Over 380 host plant species have been known to develop leaf spots as a result of the fungus Alternaria alternata. It is an aspiring pathogen that affects a variety of hosts and causes rots, blights, and leaf spots on different plant sections. In this investigation, the lipopeptides from the B.

Senescent Fibroblast in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Aids in Disease Progression and Malignant Transformation.

Aim: To study the role of senescent fibroblasts (SFs) and its secretory phenotypes promoting fibrosis and malignancy in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).

Material Methods: A total of 20 cases of OSMF and 20 normal oral mucosal tissues were taken for the study. The tissue sections were stained for IHC-immunohistochemistry with senescent cell marker p.

COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Single Hospital-Based Study.

Background: Opportunistic fungal infections like Mucormycosis in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have posed a great challenge to health care professionals, especially in developing countries like India. Hence, there is a need to understand the biological behaviour of COVID-19 associated Mucormycosis (CAM) to establish standard treatment Protocols and to reduce mortality.

Aims: This study aims is to assess the type of Mucormycosis among COVID-19 patients in study population and compare the findings with clinical, radiological and haematological parameters along with treatment and surgical management.

Histopathological Evaluation of Dental Follicle Associated with Radiographically Normal Impacted Mandibular Third Molars.

Introduction: Removal of impacted mandibular third molar is a common procedure performed in oral surgery. Indications for removal of the third molar have generated much discussion in dentistry. The presence of pericoronal pathosis is generally accepted reason for the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars.

Rapid tissue processing technique: A novel method using methyl salicylate.

Introduction: Tissue processing involves transition of the biopsy tissue in graded concentration of various chemicals to make the tissue amiable for sectioning. The entire process takes 2-3 working days before a microscopic slide is ready for diagnosis. In order to shorten the turnaround time, rapid tissue processing method using methyl salicylate was developed.

A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of Presence and Distribution Pattern of Stromal Myofibroblast in Oral Dysplasia and in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Aims And Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common oral malignancy with a poor survival rate. Early tumorigenesis is marked by transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts (MFs), which is supported by growth factors and cytokines expressed by tumor cells. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) marker correlates with the activation of MFs.

Forensic photography: Prospect through the lens.

Forensic photography is an indispensable tool in modern forensic odontological protocol which aids in investigative procedures, maintenance of archival data, and to provide evidence that can supplement medico legal issues in court. Proper selection and implementation of the appropriate photography and computer equipment combined with necessary training and correct workflow patterns make incorporating photography into the field of forensics, an easily obtainable goal. The role of the forensic photographer is crucial, as a good skill in photography with updated knowledge of the mechanics and techniques involved is required for proper documentation of evidence.

Stereomicroscopic study on unsectioned extracted teeth.

Introduction: Age has been considered as a reliable marker for establishing the identity of a person in the field of forensic medicine. Teeth are useful skeletal indicators of age at death since it can survive for decades. Nondestructive methods ensure the evident preservation of dental hard tissues that reflect age changes from the cradle to the grave.

Gender determination by odontometric method.

Context: Gender determination is central in establishing personal identification from human skeletal remains. The study was conducted to find out the accuracy with which gender can be determined by odontometric methods.

Aims: To investigate the mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) dimensions of all the teeth of permanent dentition to find new parameters to differentiate between male and female teeth and to assess whether each type of linear measurement can be used independently in odontometric sex differentiation.

Concurrent central odontogenic fibroma and dentigerous cyst in the maxilla: A rare case report.

Central odontogenic fibroma (COF) represents a rare group of benign odontogenic tumor, while dentigerous cyst (DC), on the other hand, is the odontogenic cyst that encloses the crown of an unerupted tooth. A combination of COF and DC is rare and not reported in literature till date. The aim of this paper is to report a case of COF occurring concurrently with DC.

Age estimation using annulations in root cementum of human teeth: A comparison between longitudinal and cross sections.

Background: Age estimation is an important factor in the identification of an individual in forensic science. Research indicates that cemental annulations may be used more reliably than other morphological or histological traits of human skeleton for age estimation.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-five teeth were sectioned longitudinally, and twenty-five teeth were cross-sectioned at the mid portion of the root.

Neural crest: The fourth germ layer.

The neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient group of cells that emerges from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube during early vertebrate development has been a fascinating group of cells because of its multipotency, long range migration through embryo and its capacity to generate a prodigious number of differentiated cell types. For these reasons, although derived from the ectoderm, the neural crest (NC) has been called the fourth germ layer. The non neural ectoderm, the neural plate and the underlying mesoderm are needed for the induction and formation of NC cells.

Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia in Oral Lesions: A Review.

Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a histopathological reaction pattern to various stimuli, which includes trauma, infection, inflammation, neoplasia. It is seen as tongue like epithelial proliferation invading the connective tissue and should not be mistaken for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This review enlists oral lesions which exhibit PEH with a note on how to differentiate SCC from PEH.

Expression of CD34 and CD68 in peripheral giant cell granuloma and central giant cell granuloma: An immunohistochemical analysis.

Background: Central and Peripheral giant cell granulomas of jaws are uncommon, benign, reactive disorders that are characterized by the presence of numerous multinucleated giant cells and mononuclear cells within a stroma. The origin of the multinucleated giant cells is controversial; probably originating from fusion of histiocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.

Objective: To assess the expression of CD34 and CD68 in central and peripheral giant cell granulomas to understand the origin of these multinucleated giant cells.

Lip prints and inheritance of cleft lip and cleft palate.

Background: Labial mucosa has elevations and depressions forming a pattern called 'Lip Prints'. Parents of patients with cleft lip &/or palate are known to have a particular lip print pattern.

Objectives: Analysis of lip prints and relationship between Cheiloscopy and inheritance of cleft lip &/or cleft palate.

Risk of tumor cell seeding through biopsy and aspiration cytology.

Cancer cells, besides reproducing uncontrollably, lose cohesiveness and orderliness of normal tissue, invade and get detached from the primary tumor to travel and set up colonies elsewhere. Dislodging neoplastically altered cells from a tumor during biopsy or surgical intervention or during simple procedure like needle aspiration is a possibility because they lack cohesiveness, and they attain the capacity to migrate and colonize. Considering the fact that, every tumor cell, is bathed in interstitial fluid, which drains into the lymphatic system and has an individualized arterial blood supply and venous drainage like any other normal cell in our body, inserting a needle or a knife into a tumor, there is a jeopardy of dislodging a loose tumor cell into either the circulation or into the tissue fluid.

Ameloglyphics and predilection of dental caries.

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease of microbiologic origin resulting in destruction and loss of tooth structure and is related to every speciality of dentistry. Many studies have been carried out to identify the causative factors, methods of prevention, and treatment of dental caries. Ameloglyphics is the study of enamel rod end patterns.

Flowable composite an alternative orthodontic bonding adhesive: an in vitro study.

Objective: To determine the clinical applicability of Ormocer based fowable adhesive (Admira fow) in comparison with BisGMA based adhesive (Transbond XT) and Ormocer based packable adhesive (Admira).

Materials And Methods: Sixty human premolars, divided into group I (n = 20) Transbond XT, group II (n = 20) Admira and group III (n = 20) Admira fow were bonded with metal brackets using adhesives. Brackets were debonded in shear on an Instron universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm per minute.

Morphometry of the basal cell layer of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma using computer-aided image analysis.

Objectives: To study and compare the changes in nuclear and cellular size, shape and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of the cells in the basal layer of oral leukoplakia and well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with normal buccal mucosa, using computer-aided image analysis in tissue sections.

Study Design: This was a retrospective study conducted on tissue sections on a total number of 70 cases to determine the various morphometric parameters. The data collected in this study were analyzed statistically by computing descriptive statistics, viz.