Treatments for Social Interaction Impairment in Animal Models of Schizophrenia: A Critical Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: While pharmacological treatments for positive symptoms of schizophrenia are widely used, their beneficial effect on negative symptoms, particularly social impairment, is insufficiently studied. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in preclinical research of potentially beneficial treatments, with mixed results. The current review aims to evaluate the efficacy of available treatments for social deficits in different animal models of schizophrenia.

Two-Stage Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction With Integrated Versus Remote Port Expanders: A Comparison of Complication Rates.

Ever since their introduction, tissue expanders for breast reconstruction have undergone a gradual evolution from remote port expanders to the integrated port expanders commonly in use today. Integrated port expanders have been widely adopted because of their ease of use and reliability, and though the convenience of integrated port expanders over remote port expanders is clear, a side-by-side comparison of complications has not been performed. A same-surgeon, same-institution study was conducted comparing the complication rates of remote versus integrated tissue expanders.

The Safe Gluteoplasty: Anatomic Landmarks to Predict the Superior and Inferior Gluteal Veins.

The increase in demand for gluteal fat grafting seen in recent years in the United States has not been met with an equal gain in knowledge of the perils of this anatomic territory. The purpose of this study was to identify anatomic landmarks that can be readily used by surgeons to identify the takeoff of the superior and inferior gluteal veins. Six fresh cadaveric gluteal specimens were dissected at the University of Louisville anatomy laboratory.

Anatomy of the Gynecomastia Tissue and Its Clinical Significance.

Background: Gynecomastia is a very common entity in men, and several authors estimate that approximately 50% to 70% of the male population has palpable breast tissue. Much has been published with regard to the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gynecomastia. However, the anatomy of the gynecomastia tissue remains elusive to most surgeons.

Nasal Sculpting: Calculated and Predictable Tip Elevation With Cephalic Trim.

Background: Rhinoplasty techniques to affect nasal tip rotation are well described. Cephalic alar trim is a powerful method for achieving tip elevation. Previous studies and texts provide aesthetic guidelines for nasolabial angles.

Correction of gynecomastia in body builders and patients with good physique.

Background: Temporary gynecomastia in the form of breast buds is a common finding in young male subjects. In adults, permanent gynecomastia is an aesthetic impairment that may result in interest in surgical correction. Gynecomastia in body builders creates an even greater distress for patients seeking surgical treatment because of the demands of professional competition.

Caudal resection of the upper lateral cartilages and its measured effect on tip rotation.

Background: Commonly used maneuvers for upward tip rotation include cephalic trim of the lateral alar cartilages, caudal resection of the septum, and shortening of the upper lateral cartilages (ULCs). Few techniques for surgical manipulation of the ULCs are found in the literature, and none accurately describe the measured effect of the caudal resection on tip rotation. The purpose of this study is to predict the change in upward rotation of the nasal tip for a measured incremental resection of the ULCs.

The safe zone for placement of chin implants.

Background: Alloplastic chin augmentation requires the surgeon to predict the location of the mental foramen and the origin of the mentalis muscle to avoid the postoperative sequelae lower lip parasthesia, lower lip incompetence, or chin ptosis. The authors define a safe zone of dissection along the inferior border of the mandible for placement of alloplastic chin implants.

Methods: Fourteen fresh cadaveric hemifaces were dissected with the aid of loupe magnification.

Anatomical landmarks to avoid injury to the great auricular nerve during rhytidectomy.

Background: An estimated 116 086 facelifts were performed in 2011. Regardless of the technique employed, facial flap elevation carries with it anatomical pitfalls of which any surgeon performing these procedures should be aware. Injury to the great auricular nerve (GAN) is the most common of these injuries, occurring at a rate of 6% to 7%.

Identifying a safe zone for midface augmentation using anatomic landmarks for the infraorbital foramen.

Background: Midface augmentation is commonly used to improve the appearance of concave faces and to achieve balance in the facial contour. It can also be an adjunct to orthognathic or reconstructive surgery. However, an inherent risk of midface augmentation is injury to the infraorbital nerve where it exits the infraorbital foramen (IOF).

Transverse anatomic landmarks for the A1 pulley of the thumb.

Background: Triggering of the thumb is a common entity resulting in pain and disability. Operative management requires accurate knowledge of the pulley system for proper release of the A1 pulley. The purpose of this study was to predict the location of the A1 pulley with surface anatomic landmarks while avoiding injury to the neurovascular bundles and the critical oblique pulley.

Correction of posttraumatic enophthalmos.

Management of posttraumatic enophthalmos can present as a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon, particularly in cases of late presentation. This article reviews the pertinent anatomy of the orbit, diagnostic modalities, indications for surgery, and surgical approaches as they relate to the treatment of posttraumatic enophthalmos. Internal orbital reconstruction has evolved to an elegant procedure incorporating various biologic or alloplastic implants, including anatomical pre-bent implants.

Optimizing aesthetic results in skin grafting.

The aesthetic goal in skin grafting is to provide a cosmetically pleasing coverage of soft tissue defects while minimizing donor site morbidity. A skin graft should blend well with the color and texture of the surrounding skin, reduce wound size, and not interfere with the function of the reconstructed part. This review examines the key components of choosing the appropriate donor skin for a variety of defects.

Anatomic landmarks for Basal joint injections.

Objective: Basal joint arthritis is a common cause of pain and disability, particularly in elderly women. Corticosteroid injection with splinting provides a reliable long-term relief for patients with mild arthritis. Proper location of the basal joint with anatomic landmarks can facilitate diagnosis and treatment of basal joint arthritis while avoiding inadvertent injury to local structures.

Bony anatomic landmarks to avoid injury to the marginal mandibular nerve.

Background: Marginal mandibular nerve injuries are more likely to be symptomatic than other facial nerve injuries following facelift procedures. The marginal mandibular nerve courses over the facial artery in the region of the mandible. The nerve is most susceptible to injury in this location because it lies superficial to the anterior facial artery.

Bridging the gap in hand replantation: use of the common digital artery for completion of the superficial palmar arch.

Background: Traumatic hand amputations along a longitudinal axis are possible but, to the authors' knowledge, have not been described in the literature. To bridge the gap and repair the transected superficial palmar arch at its apex, a common digital artery can be sacrificed and turned toward the plane of the arch. An anatomical study was performed to investigate the possibility of using the common digital artery to the third web space for completion of the superficial palmar arch.

Safe treatment of trigger thumb with longitudinal anatomic landmarks.

Objective: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the thumb flexor tendon sheath is also known as trigger thumb. It is an inflammatory process that involves the flexor tendon sheath at the A1 pulley. Successful percutaneous or open treatment of trigger thumb depends on the ability of the clinician to properly predict the location of the A1 pulley.

Do not use epinephrine in digital blocks: myth or truth? Part II. A retrospective review of 1111 cases.

Background: Epinephrine in digital blocks has been condemned by traditional medical theory. The authors provide a retrospective review of 1111 cases involving digital block anesthesia with epinephrine in conjunction with an extensive literature review.

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of 1111 cases involving digital and hand surgery.

Anatomical landmarks for safe elevation of the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: a cadaveric study.

Background: Breast reconstruction techniques have focused increasingly on using autologous tissue, with emphasis being placed on employing muscle sparing adipocutaneous flaps to reduce abdominal wall complications such as hernias, bulges, weakness, and length of hospital stay. The result has been the emergence of the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap for breast reconstruction. Isolating perforator vessels challenges most surgeons.

Extended mesh repair with external oblique muscle reinforcement for abdominal wall contour abnormalities following TRAM flap.

Many patients undergoing reconstructive surgery after mastectomy opt for reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Among the morbidities related to TRAM flap reconstruction is the development of abdominal wall contour abnormalities, including bulges or hernias. Several repair techniques at the flap abdominal wall donor site have been described for use at the time of flap harvest in an attempt to reduce the risk of such abdominal wall complications.

An efficient hand-tying technique for vessel ligation.

Vessel ligation is a fundamental surgical skill that must be performed efficiently. By identifying and eliminating redundant hand movements, we developed a more smooth method for tying a first knot around a hemostat-clamped vessel. The knot is made while the suture is being passed around the hemostat.

Bilateral breast reconstruction: the simultaneous use of autogenous tissue and identical twin isograft.

Not all patients seeking autogenous breast reconstruction have sufficient donor tissue for a bilateral reconstruction. Identical twin isotransplantation, as a model system for allotransplantation without immunologic barriers, broadens the definition of "spare parts" surgery. In this case, we demonstrate the simultaneous transplantation of both autogenous and syngeneic deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps for bilateral breast reconstruction.

Reconstructing a natural looking umbilicus: a new technique.

An attractive umbilicus is an essential component of the abdominal wall. It defines the midline abdominal sulcus and adds to a shapely abdominal curvature. Certain procedures place the umbilicus at risk thus providing a need for a neoumbilicus.

Resurfacing of a complex upper extremity injury: an excellent indication for the dorsal thoracic fascial flap.

We report a case of a 24-year-old patient who sustained a mutilating crush injury to the left forearm. After thorough debridement and stabilization of the skeletal injury, the dorsal thoracic fascial flap was used to resurface the circumferential wound, protect the underlying structures, and provide a gliding surface for the exposed tendons. The flap was safely transected during revision surgery, and at 6-months follow-up, excellent functional and cosmetic results were achieved.